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OUR WASTED RESOURCES; 



Missing Link in the Temperance Reform. 



BY 



WILLIAM HAKGKEAVES, M.D. 













NEW YORE : 
The National Temperance Sooiety and Publication House, 

No. 58 READE STREET. 



1870, 



HVsVo 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 

J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



3To 
JAMES BLACK, Esq., 

LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA, 

MY MUCH-ESTEEMED AND HONORED FRIEND, 

WHO 

HAS SPENT SO LAKGE A SHARE 

OF HIS 

LIFE, LABORS, ENERGIES, AND INFLUENCE TO PROMOTE AND 
SPREAD THE GREAT TRUTHS 

OF THE 

TEMPERANCE REFORMATION ; 

WITH HIS 

GREAT HEART, KEEN INTELLECT, AND CLEAR INSIGHT INTO 
THE VARIOUS PHASES OF THE 

MOVEMENT, 

HE HAS FEARLESSLY BATTLED IN ITS 

THREE GREAT EPOCHS, 

TEMPERANCE, TOTAL ABSTINENCE, AND PROHIBITION; 

AS A SLIGHT TOKEN OF 

HIGH ESTEEM AND PROFOUND ADMIRATION 

THIS VOLUME 
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR 



INTRODUCTION. 



It is vitally important that a people should 
encourage and foster only those trades and habits 
which tend to promote industry, sobriety, and 
virtue ; for society is only safe while its members 
are industrious, sober, and' virtuous. 

Men do not generally wish to do what will 
either injure themselves or others ; yet it must 
be admitted that society is virtually destroying 
itself by allowing habits and practices that 
always tend to produce unhappiness, idleness, 
vice, crime, and disease. For these evils are as 
truly the manufactured products of society as 
are boots, shoes, cotton goods, and broadcloth. 

It is therefore clearly the interest and the duty 
of every citizen to regulate his own conduct and 
habits, that they may not only preserve his own 
honor and integrity, but that he may help to 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

establish and extend like virtues throughout 
society. 

The wise and good should endeavor to teach 
the masses whatever will contribute to their 
happiness ; and the government should aim to 
control the passions of the vicious and inconsid- 
erate members of society by such laws and regu- 
lations as will best tend to produce those results. 

But laws, to be respected and generally obeyed, 
must commend themselves to, and obtain the 
approbation of, good men. Laws, to do this, must 
favor natural justice and tend to promote so- 
briety, industry, morality, and religion. 

In the opinion of a very large and intelligent 
class of persons of the United States, Great Bri- 
tain, and elsewhere, it is a very fatal and deplo- 
rable mistake for any government to license or 
allow any of its citizens to manufacture or to sell 
intoxicating liquors as a beverage ; and that the 
only safe and true policy would be to prohibit 
both their manufacture and sale as common 
drinks. 

Another class, perhaps the more numerous, 
advocate the license system as now generally 
practised in most States in the Union, as well 
as in Great Britain and many other countries. 

The relation of the use and the traffic in strong 






INTRODUCTION. 7 

drinks to the trade, labor, and the general pros- 
perity of the country is much more important 
than is generally conceived, and of which very 
little has been said or written by political econo- 
mists. 

It has been our aim in this essay to present such 
facts and figures on the subject treated as are 
reliable, in order that every one could judge 
intelligently. We do not desire to be deceived 
nor to deceive. The figures presented are official, 
or, if not, reasons are given why they are pre- 
sented. The statistics of agriculture, manufac- 
tures, etc., given in the tables, and also in the 
comparisons made, are either the exact or the 
proportional amounts as found in Volume III. 
(Wealth and Industries) of the ninth census of 
the United States of 1870, or from other official 
reports. These facts and figures, and the deduc- 
tions drawn from them, are respectfully pre- 
sented to the serious consideration of my fellow- 
citizens and others who deem them worthy their 
consideration. And though several years have 
been chiefly spent in their preparation, I shall es- 
teem the time not spent in vain, should the}' be a 
means of exciting a wider and a still deeper 
investigation of the effects of the use and sale of 
strong drinks on the industry, trade, and com- 



INTEODUGTION. 



merce of the country. Such investigations can- 
not fail to point out the true policy to be adopted 
by the people in relation to the liquor-traffic and 
the use of intoxicating drinks as a beverage. 



Philadelphia, Pa., 1875. 






CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I. 
Our National Wealth, 13 

CHAPTER II. 
Labor, Wealth, etc., 27 

CHAPTER III. 
Labor, Productive and Non-Productive, 35 

CHAPTER IY. 
Quantity and Cost of Intoxicating Drinks, 41 

CHAPTER V. 
Comparisons of the Cost with other Products, etc., . . 58 

CHAPTER VI. 
The Use of Strong Drinks Causes Bad Trade, .... 71 

CHAPTER VII. 

The Use of Strong Drinks Prevents Production ... GO 

CHAPTER VIII. 
The Use and the Traffic in Strong Drinks Injures Labor, . 104 

CHAPTER IX. 
The Losses of the Nation by the Drink-Traffic, .... 112 

9 



10 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER X. 

The Use of Alcoholic Drinks Causes Pauperism, . . . 119 

CHAPTER XI. 
Crime Caused by Intoxicating Drinks, 143 

CHAPTER XII. 

Intoxicating Drinks, and the Traffic in them, Destroy the Influ- 
ence of Education, 168 

CHAPTER XIII. 

The Use of, and the Traffic in, Strong Drinks Impede the Pro- 
gress of the Christian Church and the Spread of the 
Gospel, 183 



TABLES. 



* 

PAGE 

Table I. Of the Returns of Principal Manufactures in 

1870, 17 

" II. Of Exports and Imports of the United States in 

the Years 1810, 1820, and 1870, ... 19 
" III. Of Mining Industries of the United States in 1870, 21 

" IV. Statistics of Fisheries of the United States in 

1870, 21 

" V. Statistics of Railways, etc., etc., in 1873, . . 22 

VI. Statistics of United States Liquor Trades in 

1872, 49 

VII. Showing Quantity of Distilled Spirits Reported 
to Officials in the Several Years from 1860 
to 1872, . . . . . * . . . 51 
" VIII. Exhibits the Cost of Drinks and the Value of 

Principal Industries in the United States, . 62, 63 
IX. Showing the Number of Persons that could be 
Employed in Manufactures by the Money 
spent for Liquors, etc., etc., ... 85 

X. Exhibits the Hands Employed in Pennsylvania in 
the Liquor Business, Wages Paid, etc., in 

1870, 86 

XI. Shows the Number of Persons that could be 
Employed, Wages Paid, etc., if the Money 
spent for Liquor was spent for Food, . . 95 
XII. Exhibits the Establishments that would be 
Required, Hands Employed, etc., etc., if 
$288,496,678 was spent for the Articles 

Named, 101 

n 



12 TABLES. 

Table XIII. Exhibits the Totals of Table XI. and Table XII., 101 

" XIV. Exhibits some of the Leading Industries of 
Pennsylvania, with Hands Employed, etc., 

etc., 107 

XY. Shows the Yalue of Articles to Consumers, etc., 109 

" XVI. Showing Pauperism and Crime in the Several 

States, 121 

" XVII. General Statistics of Town Paupers of Massa- 
chusetts from 1854 to 1870, . . . .122 

" XVIII. General Statistics of Town Paupers of Massa- 
chusetts in 1867, 123 

" XIX. Average Number Inmates of Institutions, etc., 

in Massachusetts in 1867, .... 124 

" XX. Number of Paupers in Town and County Alms- 

houses in Massachusetts in 1867, . . . 125 

" XXI. Almshouse Returns of Pennsylvania for 1870, 129, 130 
XXII. Statistics of Schools in the United States in 1870, 173 

" XXIII. Statistics of Juvenile Reformatories of the 

United States in 1870, 180 

" XXIV. Religious Statistics of the United States for 1870 

and 1872, . . . . . . 187,188 



OTJH WASTED BESOURCES. 



CHAPTER I. 

NATIONAL AVEALTH. 



The principal sources of national wealth are : L 
Agriculture ; II. Manufactures ; III. Trade and Com- 
merce ; IV. Railways ; V. Mines ; VI. Fisheries. 



AGEIGULTUEAL EESOUECES. 

The agricultural resources of the United States are 
unequalled by any other civilized nation. 

The area of the United States is about three million 
square miles, three-fourths of which is capable of 
being inhabited. 

By the census returns of 1870 there were, in farms, 
407,735,041 acres, of which 188,921,099 acres were 
improved and 218,813,942 acres unimproved. The 
value of these farms was $9,262,803,861 ; and of farm 
implements and machinery, $336,878,429.'* 

The total value of " farm productions, betterments, 

and additions to stock " was .... $2,447,538,058 

" Wages paid during the year, including value of 

board," 310,280,285 

* Ninth Census Report, Vcl. III., Wealth and Industries, pp. 81, 82. 
13 



14 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 



slaughtered or sold for 



" Value of animals 

slaughter/' . 
Value of " home manufactures/ 7 
Value of " forest productions/ 7 
Value of " market-garden productions/ 7 
Value of orchard products, 



$398,956,376 
23,423,332 
36,808,277 
20,719,229 
47,335,189 



The magnitude of these figures, representing the 
value of our agricultural products, gives but a very 
slight idea of the immensity of the products of the 
soil. It is only after much thought, comparison, 
and analytic reasoning on the subject that the mind 
can grasp or appreciate the magnitude of our agri- 
cultural resources. 

The quantity of the principal cereals or Tbreadstulfs 
raised in the United States in 1870 was : 



Wheat, . 
Rye, . 
Indian corn, 



Bushels. 

287,745,626 

16,918,795 

760,944,549 



Oats, . 

Barley, 

Buckwheat, 



Bushels. 

282,107,157 

29,761,305 

9,821,721 



Total breadstuffs, 1,387,299,153 

This amount of breadstuffs raised in one year would 
furnish 183 bushels to each of the 7,579,363 families, 
or give 35 bushels to every man, woman, and child in 
our country. The wheat alone is lyi bushels per 
head. 

The principal fibrous productions raised in 1870 
were : * 



Pounds. 



Cotton, 
Wool, 
Flax, . 



1,204,798,400 

100,102,387 

27,133,034 



Hemp, 
Silk cocoons, 



Pounds. 

28,551,040 
3,937 



Total fibrous products, 1,360,588,798 

* Ibid., p. 85. 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 15 

Hay, hops, rice, and tobacco raised in 1870 were : * 

Hay (in tons), . 27,316,048 I Rice (pounds), . 73,635,021 
Hops (in pounds), . 25,456,669 | Tobacco (pounds), . 262,735,341 

Potatoes, peas, beans, beeswax, honey, and do- 
mestic wine prodnced in 1870 were : * 



Bushels. 

Irish potatoes, . 143,337,473 
Sweet potatoes, . 21,709,824 
Peas and beans, . 5,746,027 



Pounds. 

Beeswax, . . 631,129 
Bees' honey, . . 14,702,815 
Dom'tic wine (gals.) 3,092,330 



The sugar and molasses produced in 1870 were : 



Cane sugar (hhds.), 87,043 

Maple " (pounds), 28,443,645 
Sorghum " (hhds.), 24 



Cane molasses (gals.), 6,593,323 
Maple " " 921,057 

Sorghum " " 16,050,089 



The amount of dairy products in 1870 was : * 

Butter, 514,092,683 pounds. 

Cheese, 53,492,153 " 

Milk sold, .... 235,500,599 gallons. 

Of live stock on farms in 1870 there were : * 



Horses, . . . 7,145,370 
Mules and asses, . 1,125,415 
Milch cows, . . 8,935,332 
Working oxen, . 1,319,271 
Total live stock, 



Other cattle, . . 13,566,005 
Sheep, . . . 28,477,951 
Swine, . . . 25,134,569 



Valued at $1,525,276,457 

The above chief products of the United States, 
raised in 1870, though they do not include all our 
products of agriculture, yet, large as they are, were 
produced on considerably less than one-half of the 

* Ibid., pp. 82-84. 



16 NATIONAL WEALTH. 

farm-lands of the country. Of the 407,735,041 acres 
occupied as farms, only 188,921,099 acres are im- 
proved, leaving 218,813,942 acres unimproved. 

The capability of our soil to support the nearly 
forty millions of our present population and the 
millions yet to be born or to immigrate to this 
country, is very evident when we consider that less 
than one-half only of the farm-lands at present 
occupied were used to raise these immense products. 

The rapid and general increase of products of the 
soil is very encouraging, and bespeaks for our coun- 
try a prosperous future, if we but wisely use only 
a small part of the natural wealth of the soil and our 
mineral resources. From 1840 to 1870 the population 
increased 2j{ times, while the wheat crop increased 
3.4 times, the corn crop more than doubled, and the 
oat crop increased 2.3 times. Thus our agricultural 
industries have more than kept pace with the increase 
of our population. 

MANUFACTURES OE THE UNITED STATES. 

Our manufactures are not less important than the 
products of agriculture, as will be seen by the follow- 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 



17 



* 


Brass, cast, etc., . 
Building (not marine), 
Building materials, 
Building (marine) , 
Copper milled, etc., 
Fire-arms, 

Food and food preparations, 
Furniture and house-fixtures 
Iron and its manufacture, 
Lead, .... 
Leather, 
Lumber, 

Paper, .... 
Printing and publishing, 
Textiles, 

Articles of wear, . 
Liquors, spirits, malt, etc., 
Tobacco, 
] Total returns of man'factures 


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18 NATIONAL WEALTH. 

To appreciate the immense value of, and the pro- 
gress made in, our manufactures, we have only to call 
to mind that within the present century the people of 
the whole of these United States numbered but little 
more than are now engaged in manufacturing ; that 
one hundred years ago not a mill or a factory existed ; 
that the little manufacturing that was carried on by 
our people was performed by hand, and was of the 
coarsest kind ; that the mother country was relied 
upon for most of the necessaries, to say nothing of 
the comforts, of life ; that the whole region, now the 
sites of most of our large cities and towns, was a 
howling wilderness, inhabited by wild beasts, and by 
men but little less savage. It must also be recollected 
that even in the civilized and older countries of 
Europe all manufactures nearly a century ago were 
produced by hand-labor. Even England, with all her 
present vast facilities and machinery for manufactur- 
ing, and the source of nearly all her wealth, is now 
very nearly overtaken by the United States in the 
race to become the world's workshop and factory. 



TRADE AND COMMERCE. 

The progress that has been made in the trade and 
commerce of the United States during the last fifty 
years has also been very great. 
" This can be seen by comparing the exports and im- 
ports of the several decades from 1810 to 1870, which 
were as follows : 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 

TABLE II. 

Of Exports and Imports in years named : 



19 



Tear. 


Exports. 


Imports. Population. 

| 


1810, 

1820, 
*1870, 


$66,757,974 

69,691,669 

499,092,143 


$85,400,000 

74,450,000 

452,875,665 


7,239,881 

9,633,822 

38,558,371 



Fifty-four years ago (in 1820) the population of the 
United States was 9,633,822 ; in 1870 it was 38,558,371, 
or four times greater. In these fifty years our imports 
increased nearly six times, while the exports of our 
home productions are more than sixfold larger. 

In twenty- eight years, from 1842 to 1870, the ex- 
ports of the productions of the United States increased 
from $92,969,996 in 1842 f to $499,092,143 in 1870. 
While the population is only little more than double, 
our exports of home productions have increased 
nearly fivefold. 

Again, in 1842 the aggregate value of the exports 
of our domestic products was $92,969,996, while the 
value of like products exported in 1872 was $499,- 
092,143, or an increase in thirty years of more than 
fivefold in the exportation of the products of the 
United States to foreign countries. Again, while the 
exportation of our domestic products has increased, 
our importation of foreign products has compara- 
tively decreased. In 1842 the value of our imports, 
exclusive of specie, was $96,075,071, or $3,105,075 
more than the value of our domestic products ex- 

* Commerce and Navigation Report, 1870, p. 615. 

t Commerce and Navigation Monthly Reports, 1S72, p. ioQ. 



20 NATIONAL WEALTH. 

ported ; in 1872 the value of our imports was $640,- 
337,540,* or $91,117,822 more than the value ($549,- 
219,718) of the domestic products exported. 

In 1872 among other domestic manufactures ex- 
ported were the following :f 

Cotton goods, . . $2,304,330 I Manufactures of iron, $6,812,333 
Woollen goods, . 212,669 | " of steel, 1,934,723 
Shoes and leather, . . 3,684,029 

Thus the resources of our national wealth, of agri- 
culture, manufactures, trade, and commerce, have 
greatly increased. 

The importance of fisheries in relation to the food- 
supplies of a nation, and as a source of remunerative 
employment, cannot be too highly estimated. 

The great advantage arising from this source of 
our nation's wealth is that the harvest of fish is 
reaped without expense or preparatory labor ; the 
fisher has only to gather and cure. To estimate the 
importance of our fisheries as a food- supply, we have 
but to state that in 1870, exclusive of our whale- 
fisheries, their product was 1,135 bbls. sea-bass, 
559,982 quintals of cod, 2,475 qtls. haddock, 10,955 
qtls. hake, 2,451 tons halibut, 31,210 bbls. herring, 
221,003 bbls. mackerel, 5,463 bbls. mullet, 647,312 
bush, oysters, 3,216 bbls. pickerel, 24,118 bbls. 
of salmon, 1,810,000 bis. canned salmon, 2,617 
M. of shad, 69,561 bbls. of white-fish, 25,700 M. 
white-fish, 766,930 gals, oil-fish, besides $1,208,778 

* Commerce and Navigation Monthly Reports, 1872, p. 545. 
t Ibid., pp. 54G-48. 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 



21 



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22 



XATIOXAL WEALTH. 



wortli of miscellaneous fish. A visit to any of 
our great fish markets will aid any one to appre- 
ciate the food- wealth of our rivers and the sea. 

This source of wealth in 1870 produced $11,096,522, 
and paid $3,449,331 for wages, and gave employment 
to not less than 20,504. 

The art of fishing has been brought by degrees to 
its present perfect condition. In remote ages fish 
were caught by men who lay on the banks of rivers 
and on rocks, ready to shoot them with arrows or 
stick them with spears ; even yet the partially-civi- 
lized take fish in blankets and sheep -skins. 



The wealth of the nation invested in railways, and 
income derived from them, is immense, and is annu- 
ally increasing. It is not more than fifty years since 
the building of the first railroad in the country was 
commenced. In 1830 there were only 23 miles of 
railroads in operation in the United States, but in 
1873 there were 70,651 miles, whose gross earnings 
were $526,419,935. 

TABLE V.* 

The Miles of Railway in Operation, Amount of Stock, Receipts, 
Expenses, etc. 



Divisions of 
the U. States. 


No. 
miles 
E.Rs. 


Total Capital 
Account. 


Eeceipt3 

from 

Passengers. 


Eeceipts 

from 
Freight. 


Operating 
Expenses. 


Net 
Earnings. 


K EngPd, 
Middle, . 
Western, . 
Southern, 
Pacific, . 


5,314 
14,019 
33,772 
15,353 

2,193 

70,651 


Dollars. 

263,697,778 

1,126,702,107 

1,730,728,234 

509,324,106 

154,090,809 


Dollars. 
22,358,645 
42,355,230 
51,620,779 
15,456,162 

5,593,611 


Dollars. 

29,318.043 

151,697,072 

160,097,008 

38,456,162 

9,683,138 


Dollars. 
36,614,911 

124,771,717 

139,253,575 

35,551,060 

6,418,110 


Dollars. 
15,061,777 
69,280,585 
72,464,212 
18,145,349 

8,858,639 


3,784,543,034 


137,384, 4271389,351,423 


342,609,373 


183,810,562 



* Poor's Railroad Manual for 1874-5, pp. 52-3. 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 2'.1 

It is estimated by Mr. Poor, from whose k ' Railroad 
Manual ' ' the above data is taken, that at the rate of 
increase of the past three years the earnings of our 
railroads will be doubled in the next six years, with- 
out the construction of a single additional mile of 
road. 

The population of the country is increasing about 
one million annually, and by the year 1880 the earn- 
ings of the roads now in operation will be not less 
than 81,000,000,000 ; the percentage of their earnings 
will be fully up to 20 per cent, of their cost. It is 
not likely that the construction of railroads will pro- 
ceed as rapidly for a few years to come as it has done 
in the past ; nevertheless, new lines will be constantly 
constructed, even in States that have the greatest 
length of lines in proportion to the population, to 
keep step with the rapid increase of population. 
Though millions of dollars have been lost in building 
railroads in advance of the wants of portions of the 
country or means for their support, the increase in 
the value of property due to their construction has 
far exceeded their cost. So that, if a few have lost, 
the nation has been the gainer. 

The earnings of our railroads are but small when 
compared with the advantages they give the people 
in transporting persons and goods. The most distant 
cities have been brought near, and products that 
otherwise would be worthless have, by their construc- 
tion, become chief contributors to our commerce and 
manufactures. 

The following is, by the census of 1870, the esti- 



24 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 



mated value of the personal property and real estate 
in the United States : 



* The assessed value of real estate, . . . 
The assessed value of personal estate, . 

Total assessed value of personal and real estate, . 

The true value of real and personal estate of the 

United States in 1870 was .... 



$9,914,780,825 
4,264,205,907 

$14,178,986,732 
$30,068,518,507 



Allowing 25 per cent, for heedless and ignorant 
under- statement in I860, when the true value of 
personal and real estate was stated to be $16,159,- 
616,068, to which add 25 per cent., or $4,039,904,017, 
for mistakes, it is gratifying to find that, even with 
this allowance, the true value of property, real and per- 
sonal, in ten years has increased more than 50 per cent. 

The annual income of the United States, by the 
census of 1870 and Poor's " Railway Manual" for 
1873-4, is as follows : 



From agricultural industries, 
" manufacturing industries, 
" mining industries, 
" fisheries, . 

" railroads in 1872, f 

Total of these resources, 



$2,447,538,658 

4,232,325,442 

152,598,994 

11,096,522 

165,754,373 

$7,009,313,989 



The income of the manual-labor class, or the wages 
fund for 1870 of the United States, is as follows : 



Wages — Agriculture during year, with value of 

"board, 

" Mechanical and manufacturing industries, 

" Mining industries, 

11 Fisheries, 



$310,286,285 

775,584,343 

74,464,044 

3,449,331 



* Total wages paid in 1870, by Census Report, . $1,163,784,003 

* U. S. Census Report, 1870, Vol. III. t Poor's Railway Manual, 1873-4, p 48. 



NATIONAL WEALTH. 



25 



- The receipts and expenditures of the Government 
for 1872 were : 



* RECEIPTS. 

From Customs, $216,370,286 77 
Sale of Public Lands, 2,575,714 19 
Internal Revenue, 130,642,177 72 
Miscellaneous sour- 
ces, . . . 15,106,051 23 



To'l ord'y r'c'pts, $364,694,229 91 
Premium on sales 

of coin, . . 9,412,637 65 
Receipts from loans 

and TWy notes, 305,047,054 00 



Gross receipts, $679,153,921 56 

Balance in Treasury 
at the commence- 
ment of theyear, 138,01 9,122 15 

Cash previously re- 
ported unavailable, 



EXPENDITURES. 

Indians, . $7,061,723 82 

Pensions, . 28,533,402 76 

Military Establishments, 
including Fortifica- 
tions, River and Har- 
bor Improvem'ts, 35,372,157 20 

Naval Est'blishm'ts, 21,249,809 99 

Miscellaneous, Civil, 
inducing Public Build- 
ings, Lighthouses, and 
CoirctingRVnue,60,984,757 42 



Net ord'y expenses,153,201, 856 19 
Premium on Bonds 

purchased, . 6,958,266 76 
Interest on Public 

Debt, . . 117,357,839 72 



. 18,228 35 | Public Debt > .405,007,307 54 

Gross expendi- 
tures, . $632,525,270 21 

Bal'nco in Tr'sury at 
the end of year, 134,666,00] 85 



Tot'l avail, cash, $817,191,272 06 Total, 



$8] 7,191, 272 06 



A survey of the resources of the country, with its 
increase of population and wealth, must impress all 
with the pre-eminent advantages our people enjoy in 
developing its marvellous wealth and increasing the 
power and influence of the nation, and thus to make 
its people the most prosperous and happy on earth. 

The advantages which surround us for the procur- 
ing- of weal tli have never been enjoyed to so great a 



* Report of Finances by W. A Richardson, Secretary of Treasury of United 
States, for 1873, p. 13-17. 



26 NATIONAL WEALTH. 

degree by any other people in the history of the 
world. 

We should naturally expect that these immense 
resources would place all our people beyond the 
reach of want or destitution. But, alas ! this is far 
from being the case; for though our nation's income 
is seven thousand million dollars ($7,009,313,989, the 
resources numerated above) per annum, yet we are 
compelled to witness a vast amount of destitution, 
crime, and pauperism visible in every part of the 
country. Why is it? Let us seek a solution. 



CHAPTER II. 



Labor is man's inheritance, and his honor and 
glory. The world owes ns nothing but what we labor 
for, though we all owe the world much. 

At birth all are entitled to life, and no one has a 
right to interfere with it ; all are equally free born, 
and no one can justly subject us to his will. 

Though we inherit a right to life, we have no right 
to live without producing, or to consume what is pro- 
duced by others. The perfection of our organism 
brings with it at our birth needs that are more com- 
plex than other animals. Our food, clothing, and 
shelter must generally be extracted from the earth 
by labor ; and the greater our number of needs, 
the greater the necessity for labor. 

The higher our civilization, the more numerous our 
wants, and the greater will be the labor required to 
supply them. To consume little, without producing 
what you consume, is to sink below humanity, and 
level ourselves with the lower animals. 

To restrict ourselves to such food as merely sup- 
ports existence, and labor only sufficient to obtain it, 
we rob society, and supply nothing toward repaying 
for the sacrifices made for us centuries before our 
birth. Without the labor of the past, the present 

27 



28 LABOE, WEALTH, ETC. 

race of. human beings would be savages of a weak, 
perhaps servile, tribe ; for nearly all our present 
resources are the results of labor, nature having 
merely supplied us with the soil, air, water, and the 
spontaneous productions of the earth. 

Man, under the most favorable natural circum- 
stances, when left to battle alone for life, without the 
accumulated results of the labor of the past, is forced 
to endure a most wretched state of existence. 

Nature has done a little for us, but labor much. 
Oar simplest necessaries of the present, not to name 
the luxuries, have required the aggregate labor of 
centuries to produce. The race of animals now so 
serviceable to man, in aiding him in his labors, 
supplying him with food and clothing, once were 
wild, and roamed over the earth uncontrolled, except 
by animals more savage or in greater numbers. 

The domesticated horse, which for unknown cen- 
turies has been in the service of man, once congregated 
in troops on the plains of Central Africa or Asia, from 
which the wolves and jaguars fled. The cow, sheep, 
and all the different breeds of domestic animals as 
now found, are the effects of man's labor and care 
in crossing. 

The products of our fields, orchards, gardens, etc. , 
are mainly the result of man' s labor and perseverance. 
That most important plant, the potato, is not in its 
present condition a gift of nature, but by careful cul- 
ture and labor man has brought it, step by step, to 
its present improved condition. Within the last 
century, and even before it was discovered in this 



LABOR, WEALTH, ETC. 29 

country by the Spaniards, the Indians of Mexico and 
Peru had cultivated it. "Wheat, the almost universal 
bread -corn, is not, as it now exists, the gift of nature, 
but is one of the master results of man's labor. 

It has been generally supposed that Central Asia 
was the native country of our cultivated wheat ; but 
not many years ago M. Fabre, of Agde, South of 
France, discovered that the JEgilops Ovata, a grass of 
the regions near the Mediterranean and of the West 
of Asia, becomes, by cultivation, transformed into 
wheat. It grows spontaneously in Upper Egypt, but 
is there a poor, miserable seed, unfit for bread. It 
has, therefore, cost many, many centuries of labor to 
develop the bread we eat ; hence the nutriment of the 
wheat represents the blood, muscle, nerve-force, and 
life of thousands of generations of human beings who 
have perished during its culture. We hence owe a 
debt to those who have preceded us for the enjoy- 
ments by which we are surrounded. They all are the 
results of labor, and must be repaid in part by our 
labor, and by leaving the world better for our having 
existed. 

The results of brain-labor have not been less useful 
than hand-labor, though they may not appear at first 
sight. Thinkers have done very much to extend the 
usefulness of hand-labor. 

Though the hand of man has done much to brinsc 
him and his surroundings to the present exalted con- 
dition, yet his brain has done more. Thinkers, by 
their brain-work, have brought into existence the 
machines that lessen and facilitate labor. 



30 LABOE, WEALTH, ETC. 

The inventors of the jenney, the mule, and the 
power-loom did more useful work with their brains, 
and conferred greater benefits on mankind, than all 
the generations that spun and wove before they were 
born. 

The discoverer of the process of making iron into 
steel, and Mr. Bessemer, who improved the process of 
its manufacture, rendered greater service to the 
human race during their lives than the most extensive 
manufacturers of steel. 

The tools and implements used by man in all in- 
dustries are an aggregation of ideas, the results of 
brain- work. Just in proportion as science and thought 
have developed, simplified, and improved the means 
of production, in that ratio has the brain-work of the 
past helped the present ; and the work of to-day, with 
all the accumulated results of thought, will help 
progress in the future. 

Though the spinning-machines, power-looms, steam- 
engines, and all other machines were destroyed, the 
ideas that produced them still remain, and new ones 
could be made from the materials at hand. Hence it 
must be clear that the brain-work of the world is the 
most useful. The more our mental faculties are de- 
veloped and cultivated, the more good we can do to 
others, and be the more useful to ourselves. 



WEALTH AND LABOE. 

The wealth of a nation is the aggregate result of the 
labor of the past. Wealth is anything that can be sold 



LABOR, WEALTH, ETC. 31 

.or will bring a price in the market, and represents a 
certain amount of labor that was expended to produce 
it. All wealth is the result of labor. Nothing pos- 
sesses value until labor has been expended upon it. 
Raw materials are not exempt from this rule. Gold 
has no value while mixed with the sand in the bed of 
the river ; coal or iron is worthless and useless until 
labor has been expended upon it, and the labor ex- 
pended is the measure of its true value. 

The necessaries and conveniences of life annually 
produced and consumed are supplied by labor direct- 
ly, or indirectly by purchase or exchange for some 
other product of labor. 

A nation or people will be better or worse supplied 
with the necessaries and conveniences of life, accord- 
ing to what is produced and what is purchased, as 
they bear a greater or less proportion to the number 
of consumers. This proportion, in every nation, is 
regulated by two different circumstances : 

1. By the knowledge, judgment, skill, dexterity, 
and the implements applied to the labor ; and, 

2. By the proportion of those employed in useful 
labor to those not so employed. 

Upon these circumstances will depend the abun- 
dance or scantiness of the annual products of a na- 
tion, whatever may be the extent of its territory, soil, 
or climate. 

The measure of the gain or loss of an individual or 
a nation is the difference between what is produced 
and what is destroyed, either by economical consump- 
tion or extravagant waste. 



32 

All persons, whether productively or unproductive- 
ly employed, as well as those who do not labor at all, 
are maintained by the labor of the country. 

When labor is properly applied, with the advan- 
tages of the accumulated discoveries of science and 
the inventions in mechanic arts, the combined results 
are marvellous. 

The invention of labor-saving machines, and the re- 
sults produced by them during the last century, have 
been truly astonishing. The achievements of human 
art in our own day have equalled those of Aladdin's 
wonderful lamp. Though man is incapable of creating 
or destroying a single particle of matter, yet the mat- 
ter that composes the earth and the forces of nature 
have been so utilized that they no longer resist hu- 
man power, but are subdued to service. The steam- 
engine -alone, by the consumption of a ton of coal, 
evolves as much force in one day as fifteen hundred 
man-power. England, in 1854, from 50,000 tons of 
coal derived the labor-force of two hundred and fifty 
million able-bodied men ; hence the coal used in 
Europe and the United States does nearly twice the 
work that the whole population of the world could do 
without it. Indeed, all calculations will fail to com- 
pute the value of water-power and steam in conjunc- 
tion with the numerous machines now used to multi- 
ply human force. Nor is this all. Mechanical force is 
matched by the increased motion that has been gained 
by the fly-shuttles, hammers, rollers, wheels, etc. Mani- 
fold rapidity is given in carding, spinning, weaving, 
and printing, over the old one-thread spinning-wheel, 



33 

the hand-loom, and hand-press, by steam and machi- 
nery. Material forces, under the direction of machi- 
nery, have grown as light-limbed and as heavy-handed 
as man's needs have demanded. 

Manufacturers, during the last century, have util- 
ized the revelations of science and the inventions of 
machinery, with a corresponding increase in manufac- 
tured goods and a cheapening of productions, which 
has increased proportionately the happiness of the 
human family. This increased productive power has 
added to our general wealth, and our people are better 
provided with the commodities that supply life, the 
luxuries which refine it, and the masses are relieved 
from many severe drudgeries, thus giving opportunity 
for attention to higher mental and moral culture. 

By a reasonable amount of labor and economy, with 
the accumulated powers of production, there is now 
no necessity for want of food or clothing. Though 
there has been, perhaps, less improvement in the 
machinery and implements of agriculture than in 
manufactures, yet the 5,922,471 persons engaged in 
agricultural pursuits in the United States are able to 
produce food for twice or three times our present 
population. One man can, by the aid of our farm 
implements, produce ample food for twenty persons. 
In the manufacture of clothing, with the extensive im- 
provements that have been made in the application 
of machinery within the last hundred years, there is 
an almost incalculable productive power. If we take, 
for example, our cotton manufactures of 1870, we find 
that the 135,369 hands employed in cotton manufac- 



34 LABOU, WEALTH, ETC. 

tures (of whom 22,942 were boys under 16, and girls 
under 15 years) produced 1,008,928,921 yards of the 
different kinds of cotton cloths. Allowing that an 
average of twenty yards are consumed annually by 
each man, woman, and child in the United States, the 
cotton goods manufactured in 1870 would be more than 
enough for fifty millions of people. By the same aver- 
age, one person in a cotton-factory is able to produce 
cottons for the annual consumption of 372 persons. 
In the same year our woollen manufacturers employed 
80,053 persons (9,643 of whom were under 16 years of 
age), who produced 188,588,688 yards of woollen cloths, 
besides millions of pounds of yarn and other woollen 
fabrics. To allow each male in the United States ten 
yards, the woollens produced in 1870 would be more 
than enough for all our male population. One person 
in a woollen factory can produce cloths for 235 males. 
This ratio will be applicable to the manufacture of all 
kinds of clothing, so that in the general production 
of clothing one person is able to supply all the wear- 
ing apparel needed by not less than fifty persons, 



CHAPTER III. 

LABOK, PRODUCTIVE AXD NON-PRODUCTIVE. 

In these days of inventions and the increased appli- 
cation of machinery it evidently should not be diffi- 
cult to keep a person supplied with food and clothing. 
That men will not be satisfied to live upon the mere 
necessaries of life is readily admitted, neither is it 
needful that they should ; yet it is desirable that 
our citizens should so far appreciate their true inter- 
ests and the advantages to health, wealth, and happi- 
ness, as to abstain from those expensive luxuries that 
merely gratify and create depraved and dangerous 
appetites. 

In the early days of the settlement of this country 
the food was necessarily simple, clothing coarse, and 
the habitations rude ; indeed, this was comparatively 
the case in the older and more densely-populated 
countries of Europe. But as man progressed 'in 
knowledge, and as production was facilitated, all the 
necessaries of life have been increased in quantity and 
improved in quality ; so that everything really neces- 
sary for the happiness of mankind is now produced in 
great abundance. The only question of moment is 
their economical use and their proper distribution. 

Though we have at command all things needed to 
secure the happiness of the whole human family, yet 

85 



36 LABOE, PEODUCTIVE AND NON-PEODUCTIVE. 

the masses of mankind seem to be unhappy, and un- 
known numbers are suffering for the simplest neces- 
saries of life. Why is this % All are interested in 
the solution of this question ; for the sum of human 
happiness will be incomplete so long as one member 
of the human family is deprived of the necessaries or 
comforts of life. In their eagerness to secure indi- 
vidual enjoyment and happiness men have generally 
neglected the interests of their fellow-men ; and thus 
have inevitably failed to obtain, in a great measure, 
the happiness anticipated from the acquisition of 
wealth, and the power and influence it would give. 

The acts of the masses and governments have hith- 
erto, in a greater or less degree, tended to produce 
idleness, dissipation, and disease of both body and 
mind, thus violating the natural laws and the princi- 
ples of 

POLITICAL ECONOMY. 

Political economy, as a science, may be said to em- 
brace the proper administration of the revenues of a 
nation, the management and regulation of its re- 
sources, labor, productions, and property, and the 
means by which the labor and the property of its citi- 
zens are protected and directed ; as well as the best 
methods of securing the success of each individual' s 
industry and enterprise, and general national pros- 
perity. 

Labor is generally divided by political economists 
into two classes, viz., productive and unproductive. 

Productive labor is that which adds directly to 



LABOR, PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE. ?>1 

value, as the labor of the shoemaker, mechanic, far- 
mer, factory operative, etc., etc. 

Unproductive labor is generally understood to be 
labor that is not employed in the production of wealth, 
or articles representing wealth, as soldiers, physicians, 
policemen, agents, school-teachers, etc., etc. 

This classification, though made by most political 
economists, is not necessarily correct ; for, under the 
present organization of society, the policeman and sol- 
dier, by adding security to wealth, stand somewhat 
in the place of producers. The laborer has no desire 
to work when he is not sure that he will enjoy the 
fruits of his labor ; and where wealth has not protec- 
tion, it loses a great portion of its value. Hence the 
soldier and policeman add value to the products of 
labor by the security they give, and are not really un- 
productive. The teacher who labors to develop, to 
mould, to instruct the human mind is certainly not 
less a productive laborer than the blacksmith, stone- 
mason, etc. And as man is of more value than iron or 
stone, no matter how much labor may have been ex- 
pended upon them, so the labor of the educator is of 
more, much more, value than any amount of labor ex- 
pended upon iron or stone. 

It is also obvious that the physician who heals our 
diseases, and fits us again to return to some field of 
productive employment, is certainly not an unpro- 
ductive laborer ; for, without the aid of his skill, 
instead of being able to follow some productive em- 
ployment, we should bo destroyers, and not pro- 
ducers. 



38 LABOE, PRODUCTIVE A1NT> !N r OiS T -PKODUCTIVE. 

In reality, a non-producer is one who consumes 
without rendering an equivalent for what he destroys. 
All are destroyers, whether producers or not, for 
each must consume or destroy in order to prolong 
life ; and it depends ujdou what a man consumes in 
proportion to what he produces whether he is a pro- 
ductive or an unproductive laborer. For example, 
if a man consumes five hundred dollars' worth of 
products during the year, and has earned one 
thousand dollars, or produced products worth that 
amount, he is a producer and a productive laborer in 
the highest sense of the term ; for he is five hundred 
dollars richer. But if he spends five hundred dollars, 
and only earns that amount, he destroys as much as 
he produces, and is therefore a non-producer ; and if 
he should spend ten dollars a week, and only earn 
seven, he is not only a non-producer, but is a de- 
stroyer : he consumes more than he produces, and 
the country is three dollars a week the poorer. 

All the wealth of a nation is not only the result of 
labor, but is also the fund out of which wages are 
paid for labor. The people of a country do not hoard 
their capital ; for those who have money generally use 
it for the gratification of their many wants, natural 
or acquired, and the wants of man usually increase 
with the power or opportunity for supplying them. 

As labor is the source of a nation's wealth, pros- 
perity, and power, it is obvious that whatever will 
give the most labor of the productive kind will be the 
best for the country. Whatever creates a demand for 
an article of productive industry also increases the 



LABOIi, PRODUCTIVE AKD NON-PUODUCTIYE. 89 

demand for the labor to supply it, as well as a demand 
for labor to furnish the materials of which it is com- 
posed. For instance, the demand for broadcloth 
creates a demand for the wool, oil, dye-stuffs, and 
other articles used in its manufacture. 

Again, before the cloth is consumed the labor of 
the tailor will be required, and also other materials to 
make it into garments. The influence of the demand 
for the cloth will be still further extended by the 
wages received by the tailor and the operatives by 
whom the cloth and the other materials were pro- 
duced, which will be expended in supplying the 
wants of themselves and families, which again wo aid 
give labor to other persons in various employments. 
Thus the increase of labor in one branch of productive 
industry will extend to and increase many other 
branches. That nation or people will be the most 
prosperous, other things being equal, who most en- 
courage diversified productive labor, and discourage 
the use of, or the manufacture and the traffic in, what- 
ever is useless or injurious. 

The labor of the hatter is productive ; for he takes 
the wool or other materials of which the hat is made, 
and produces a useful and necessary article. !S T ot 
only has his labor increased the value of the materials 
by making them into a hat, but by bringing the ma- 
terials into use he has given them a new value. No 
matter how much labor it takes to produce an article, 
if it does not contribute to the health, comfort, or 
happiness of the consumer, it is unproductive. Tt is 
the general character of unproductive labor to con- 



40 LABOR, PRODUCTIVE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE. 



sume the wealth of the nation without benefiting any 
one directly but the consumer, and rarely does even 
that. It is, therefore, of vital importance, in consider- 
ing the question of labor, that the kind of labor should 
be kept in view ; for labor may be employed upon 
what will be useless and what will be injurious. 
Labor is a means and not an end. We labor for its 
beneficial results, for what it produces. Everything 
must be measured by its capability to administer to 
human comfort and happiness ; and any article that 
will not do this is labor lost in its production, and a 
waste of the materials composing it. Keeping these 
plain, common-sense views of wealth, labor, and con- 
sumption in our minds, we shall be prepared to enter 
under standingly into the merits of the subject be- 
fore us. 



CHAPTER IV. 

THE QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS, 

Among the many evils resulting from the use of 
intoxicating drinks is the immense waste of money 
expended for them. The exact annual cost of these 
drinks in the United States can only be approxi- 
mated, not ascertained. 

The tax collected by the Internal Revenue Depart- 
ment in 1870 was upon 72,425,353 gallons of proof 
spirits (the specific gravity of 918.6, containing nearly 
equal weights of water and alcohol) and 6,081,520 
barrels of fermented liquors. 

CONSUMPTION OF LIQUORS. 

Commissioner Delano, in his Internal Revenue 
Report for 1869, says: "In the absence of reliable 
data to fix the annual consumption of distilled spirits, 
we are left to conjecture. Were I to express an 
opinion on this subject, I should place the amount at 
not less than eighty million gallons." This estimate 
of Commissioner Delano is corroborated by the Census 
Bureau, which reported ten years previous that there 
were produced in the United States, for the year end- 
ing June 1, 1860, 90,412,581 gallons of domestic 
spirits. 

It is therefore safe to assume that the consumption 
of distilled spirits in the United States, in the form of 
beverages, is not less than the taxable quantity of 

41 



42 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DMNKS. 

spirits reported by the Internal Revenue Department 
in 1870, viz., 72,425,353 gallons. It may be said that 
a large portion of the annual production of spirits is 
used in the arts, exported, or used in various ways 
besides that of drinking. To this the following facts 
will furnish the answer : 

1. We have taken about 8,000,000 gallons less than 
Commissioner Delano estimates to be the annual con- 
sumption. 

2. The quantity taken does not include the large 
amount of liquors known to be made, and for which 
no tax is paid, as well as imported liquors that are 
smuggled into the country, which may safely be esti- 
mated at 5,000,000 gallons. 

3. The liquors captured in the attempt to evade the 
payment of the tax, which, in 1870, amounted to 
762,081 gallons of spirits and 10,310 barrels of fer- 
mented liquors. 

4. The wines of California, the quantity of which 
is not given in official reports, but which the un- 
official statements of the "trade" claim to be from 
10,000,000 to 12,000,000 gallons. 

5. The domestic wines made by farmers, which the 
Census Report of 1870 returns at 3,092,330 gallons. 

6. Similar wines made from grapes, currants, and 
other fruits for private consumption, may be safely 
estimated, at least, at 1,000,000 gallons. 

7. The difference between the above 72,425,353 gal- 
lons, which is proof- spirits, and the diluted or in- 
creased quantity, which, when dealt out to the drinker, 
is on an average not over 40 per cent, of alcohol, or 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 43 

10 below proof, is equal to the addition of at least 
7,500,000 gallons. 

The quantity of the above liquors not embraced in 
official enumeration, amounting to 34,592,330 gallons, 
will clearly appear by the following tabulated state- 
ment, and will far exceed the quantity exported or 
used in the arts : 

Gallons. 

Domestic spirits less than Commissioner Delano's 

estimate, . 8,000,000 

Domestic and imported liquors which, evaded pay, . 5,000.000 

Domestic wines, 10,000,000 

Domestic wines made on farms, 3,092,330 

Domestic wines made and used in private families, . 1,000,000 

Dilutions of liquors, paying tax, by the dealers, . 7,500,003 



Total, . . 34,592,330 

.It therefore may be safely said that in 1870 the 
liquors consumed, and their cost, were not less than 
as follows : ' 

Domestic spirits, . . 73,425,351 gals.,* at 10 cts. a glass, or $6 a gal., $434,552,118 

Ferm'nt'd liqu'rs, 6,081,- 

5.20 barrels, or . .183,527,120 " " 5 " " "$20abbl., 1.21,630,400 

Imported spirits, . . 1,441,74?' " " 10 a gal., 14,417,470 

" wines, . . . 9.08S.894 " " 5 *» 45,444470 

" spiritu's comp'nds, 34,239 " " 10 " 342,390 

" ale, beer, etc., . 1,012,754 " " 3 " 3,038,232 



272,530,107 $619,425,110 

::: Dr. Young. Chief cf the Bureau of Statistics, in a letter to Rev. Wm. M. 

Thayer, of Boston, said : 

" In tho absence of accurate data, the following is an estimate of the sales of 

liquors in the United States during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1871 : 

Whiskey, 60,000,003 gals., at §8 retail, $:J60,000,000 

Imported spirits, .... 2,533,000 " " 10 il 25,000,000 

Imported wine, .... 13,703,003 " " 5 " 53,500,000 

Ale, beer, and porter,+ . . . 6,500,003 bbls., " 23 " 130,000,000 

Native brandies, wines, and cordials, unknown — estimated 

value of , 31,5^0,000 



Total, £600,100,000 

''Asa proof of the correctness of the above, it may be stated that during the 

t By the Report of Internal Revenue for tho fiscal year ending June 03, 1371, 
the tax was paid on 7,153,333 barrels of ale, beer, etc. 



44 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DPJNKS. 

It must be clear that the above estimated cost of 
intoxicating beverages in the United States for 1870 is 
below the actual amount paid for them. This cost 
for drinks is nearly one- sixth of the value of the 
manufactures of the United States in that year, which 
was $4,232,325,442, and more than one-fourth of the 
value of all the "farm productions, betterments, and 
additions of stock," valued at $2,447,538,658. By the 
Census returns of 1870, the value of 

Animals slaughtered and sold for slaughter was . $398,956,376 

Home manufactures, 23,423,332 

Forest productions, 36,808,277 

Market-garden products, 20,719,229 

Orchard products, . . . . . . . 47,335,189 

Total, . . $527,242,403 

Thus we find that the value of all the slaughtered 
animals, home manufactures, forest products, market- 
garden products, and orchard products was $92,182,707 
less than the cost of our nation's drink-bill for the 
same period. 

Again, by the Census returns of 1870, the value of 

Articles of wear was . . . / . . . *$398,264,118 

Furniture and house-fixtures (exclusive of stoves 
and hollow-ware), . . . ... . . f 75,539,719 

Total, $473,803,837 

which is $145,621,273 less than the cost of liquors for 
the same time. 

last fiscal year the receipts from retail liquor-dealers, who paid ®25 each for 
licenses, amounted to $3,650,00 \ indicating that there were 146,000 retailers of 
liqucro in the United States. By including those who escaped paying license fe^s, 
estimated at 4,0; 0, the number is increased to 150,000, who, on an average, sold at 
least $4,000 worth of liquors each, making «6O0,C0O,C0O, as above stated." 

* Census Report, Vol. III., p. 485. + Ibid., p. 437. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF IXTOXICATIXG DRINKS. 45 

Thus in 1870 our nation's dbink-bilx was one 
hundred and forty-six million dollars more than the 
estimated value at the place of manufacture of all the 
furniture and house-fixtures (except stoves and hol- 
low-ware) ; all the boots and shoes, men's, women's, 
and children' s clothing ; all the collars, cuffs, gloves, 
mittens, hats, caps, hosiery, etc., etc., that were in 
that year manufactured in the United States. 

Again, the value of all the food and food prepara- 
tions of 1870 was 8600,365,571, or 819,059,539 less in 
value at the place of manufacture than the cost of 
drinks. 

If to the above value of food and food preparations 
be added 30 per cent, for jn'ofits of dealers, etc., be- 
fore they reach the consigners, it will be 8780,475,242. 
Then the food and food preparations consumed by the 
people of the United States in 1870 cost only $161,- 
050.132 more than the cost of the liquors drunk that 
year ; and if we include all the liquors consumed 
for which no tax or duty was collected it will 
be safe to say that more money is annually ex- 
pended in the United States for intoxicating drinks 
than for all kinds of food consumed by the 
people. 

Is it any wonder that tens of thousands of our 
people are in want of food and clothing, when there 
is expended annually for poisonous drinks as much 
as, or more than, is spent for food, and nearly twice 
as much as is spent for clothing 3 

This needless waste is not for one year merely ; for 
our drink-bill increases and keeps pace with our popu- 



46 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



lation and productions, as will hereafter be more fully 
shown. 

The quantity and cost of liquors that were entered 
for consumption and on market in 1871, as appears 
by the Internal Revenue Report and Report on Com- 
merce and Navigation, were as follows : 



Proof-Gals. 

. 59,503,972 
Less spirits inmarket May 1, 1871, thaninNov. 15, 1870, 4,452,580 



Distilled spirits taken from bond, 



Total spirits entered for consumption, 
Domestic spirits exported, 1871, .... 

Total spirits that paid revenue tax, 
Reduction of 20 per cent.* 'by dealers before sold, 

Total sold to consumers in 1871 — gals., 40 per cent. 

Domestic fermented liquors, .... 

Domestic ale, beer, etc., exported, 1871, 

Leaving for borne consumption, .... 



Spirits and cordials imported, 1871, 
" " exported, " 

Leaving for borne consumption, , . . . 
Seductions of the above 20 per cent, before sold — gals, 
40 per cent., 

Leaving for home consumption — gals., 40 per cem 
alcohol, . . 



Wines imported, 1871, f . . . . 
Foreign wines exported, 1871, 

Leaving foreign vines for home consumption, 



63,956,552 
971,313 

62,935,239 
12,597,017 

75,582,286 

Barrels. 
7,159,740 
35,563 

7,124,172 



Proof- Gals. 

2,478,845 
130,932 

2,347,913 

469,562 

2,817,495 

Gallons. 

10,422,904 
138,252 

10,284,652 



* The liquors chemically examined by Prof. Draper of New Fork, in 1859, were 
found to contain on an average 40 per cent., and some as low as 22)4 per cent., of 
alcohol; showing an average reduction from proof of 20 per cent., which would 
give an increase of 20 per cent, by dilution. 

t Dr. Young estimates imported wines at 10,700,000 gallons. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 47 

The drink-bill of the United States for 1S71 may be 
stated thus : 

Domestic spiiits, . . 73,c82,2S6 gals., at 10 cts. a glass, or $j a gal., $453,493,716 
Domestic ale, beer, etc. 

(7,124,172 barrels), .213,725.100 " " 5 " " M 2">abbl., 112,483,440 

Imp'it'dsp'ts&coi dials, 2.817.495 " " 10 " " " lOagal., 28,174,958 

Foreign wines, . . 10,284,652 " at an average of $5 a gal., 51433,260 

M ale, beer, etc., estimated., 4,4G0,<;7 ; ; 



Total liquors consumed, 
1S7J, . . . .302,409,593 " costing consumers $080,030,042 

The drink-bill for 1871 was $680,036,042, being an 
increase of 860,610,932 in one year. 

THE QUANTITY OF LIQUOKS AXD THEIE COST EN' 1S72. 

The reports of the Treasury Department for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1872, show that there were 
manufactured and imported 'into the United States 
alcoholic liquors as follows : 

Proof-GaK 

Domestic distilled spirits,* 69,033,533 

Exported of the same, f ..... 950.213 



Balance, 63,033,320 

Less spirits in market June 30, 1372, than in Juno 30, 

1871 1,512,516 

Twenty per cent, cf the ahore added for reductions "by 

dealers, ] 3.616,664 



Distilled spirits (domestic), reduced gals., 40 per cent. 

cf alcohol, 83,212,500 

Which cost the consumers, at 10 cents a glass, or 06 a 

gallon, retail, 8499,275,000 

Barrel?. 

Domestic fermented liquors, J . . .8,009,969 
i ted of the same, § .... 2,566 



Leaving for home consumption, . . .8,007,403 

Costing the consumers, at 5 cts. a glass, or $20 a "bhl., $160,143,060 

* I: tcr; cl Revenue Report, 1373. t Comnie.ce azd. Navigation Repo t,1878L 

$Ibid,l8?2. | Ibid. 



48 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

Proof- Gals. 

Spirits and cordials imported, . . .2,131,837 
Exported of the same, 1872, . . . 306,558 



Balance, 1,825,279 

Twenty per ce7it. added for the reduction 

of alcohol , alcoh'c p'rc'nt'ge "by dealers, 365,055 



Leaving for home consumption, 

at $10 a galbn, .... 

Wines imported, 1872, * 

Wine exported, 1372, .... 


. 2,190,334 

Gallons. 

. 9,863,313 
. 161,202 


$21,903,340 


Leaving for home consumption, 
Costing the consumers, at $5 a gallon 

Beer, ale, etc., imported, 1872, . 
Exported of the same, 1872, 


. 9,702,111 

at retail, 

Gallons. 

. 1,975,392 
14,361 


$48,510,555 


Leaving for home consumption, 

at $3 a gallon, .... 


. 1,961,031 


$5,883,093 



Our drink-bill for 1872 may be stated as follows : 

Domestic spirits, . . 83,212,500 gals., costing $499,275,000 
Domestic ale, beer, etc. 

(8,007,403), . . 240,222,090 " " 160,148,060 

Foreignsp'ts, cordials, etc., 2,190,334 " " 21,903,340 

Foreign wines, . . . 9,702,111 " " 48,510,555 

Imported ale, beer, ets., . 1,961,031 " « 5,883,093 



Total domestic and foreign 

liquors, . . . 337,288,066 " " $735,720,048 

Thus in tlie year 1872 there were consumed in the 
United States 337,288,066 gallons of distilled spirits 
and fermented liquors, costing $735,720,048, being an 
increased consumption in one year of 34,878,473, and 
an increase in their cost of $55,684,006. 

Table VI., prepared with great care and much time 

* Commerce and Navigation Heporfc, 1872. 



QUANTITY AXD COST OF INTOXICATING DEINKS. 49 

TABLE VI.* 





00 


o 

u 

o 


« 


n 
o 


u o 
C y^ 


L 


u 




C '.- 






ft 


0) <B 








°rO 


I— ~ 




States and Ter- 
ritories. 


o 
o 

3 


o 
at- n-i 

•£ao 
o 


So 


an ^t 


O 5i OJJ 

o - £ 5 


3o 

Si 


O L 

■** o 

no " 
£ CT 

CD 


£ p 

c ^ 

Is 


! • , y 

CO — 
























o 


o 


o 




t>I)2 =3 ~> 


; n 




c.~ 


C o 




£ 


fc 


£ 


■A 
(4) 


<3 


|fc 


s 


fe« 


£ 




(1) 


(2) 


(31 


(51 


(6) 


L, 


(8) 


t 

(91 


Alabama 


6S 


5 


1,852 


72 


r 9,310.000 


535 


108 


10,790 


1,117 


Arizona 




1U 


241 


40 


1,205,000 


41 


15 




512 


Arkansas 


22 


1 


1,582 


70 


7,910,000 


306 


64 


40,432 


125 


California 


262 


226 


5,246 


267 


26,250,000 


107 


28 


1,139,667 


192.577 






33 

25 


410 
3,778 


30 
143 


2,050,000 
18,890,000 


98 
143 


3S 
34 




9,171 
57,416 


Connecticut 


55 


360,172 






6 
2 


124 
326 


5 
4 


620,000 
1,630,000 


114 

3S3 


42 
87 




904 
4,268 


Delaware 


13 


5,419 






15 


1,097 
694 


54 


5,485,000 


1*1 


29 




15,056 
124 


Florida 




2 


19 


3,470.000 


270 


56 





(Georgia 


640 


4 


2,537 


161 


12,685,000 


467 


92 


92,480 


5,303 


Idaho 


1 


12 


261 


ir 


1,305,000 


58 


21 


14,098 


994 


Illinois 


98 


216 


8,918 


302 


44,590,000 


285 


61 


19.471,852 


497.97 7 


[Indiana 


121 


169 


5,051 


146 


25,305,000 


332 


74 


7,043,866 


158,957 


| Iowa 


18 
2 

237 


171 

46 
46 


3,264 
1,657 

4 446 


76 
66 

389 


16,320.000 

8,285,000 

22,230,000 


365 
220 
297 


78 
59 
64 


620.150 
1,171 

5,257,101 


121,026 
24,385 
101,404 


| Kansas 


■ Kentucky 


Louisiana 


3 


16 


3,930 


278 


19.650,000 


185 


41 


700.406 


48 270 




1 
2< 


t5 


710 
4,629 


36 

289 


3,550,000 
23,145,000 


883 
169 


216 
37 


85.570 
1.586,201 


5.574 
173.531 


[Maryland 


Massachusetts . 


28 


56 


ln,031 


477 


50.155,000 


146 


32 


2,840,755 


570.432 


Michigan 


1 


189 


5,845 


112 


29,225 000 


203 


47 


182,993 


163,767 


..Minnesota 





114 


1,908 


44 


9,540,000 


230 


39 





69.524 


Mississippi 


43 


2 


1,771 


73 


8,855,000 


467 


96 


7,029 


840 


.Missouri 


91 


134 


5,922 


313! 


29,610,000 


291 


64 


2,2S7,285 


S68.968 






23 

41 


357 
5S6 
806 


33 
21 
50 


1,785,000 
2,930,000 
4,030,000 
4,575,000 


58 

210 

53 


32 
62 
9,3 




2,567 

16,568 
11,007 
101,310 


Nebraska . . 




209,032 






V. Hampshire.. 


3 


5 


915 


39 


347 


91 


40 860 


New Jersey. .. 


116 


83 


6,853 


112 


34.290,000 


132 


28 


398,790 


565,152 


New York 


m 


479 


26,744 


1,156 


133,720,000 


164 


36 


4,765,154 


2,602.505 


New- Mexico ... 


a 


8 


397 1 


40 


1,985,000 


234 


57 


223 


757 


N >rth Carolina. 




1 


1,835 


56 


9,175,000 


584 


117 


81,115 


If! 
735.609 10 

6 956 


Ohio 


110 

6 


238 
31 


11,401 
655 


452 
37 


57.005,000 
3.275,000 


234 
139 


52 
38! 


14,708,029 
1.571 


Oregon 


Pennsylvania. . 


86 


443 


15,745 


8-il 


78,725,000 


223 


50 


2,231,004 


1,006,828 


Knode Island.. 


1 


4 


1,0 ;0i 


55 


5,100,000 


213 


43 


64,276 


17.808 


South Carolina. 


102 


2 


1,709 


641 


8.545,000 


412 


86 


29,126; 


1,957 


Tennessee 




11 


3,333 


210 


16,665,< 00 


3 1 I 


78 


452,148 


6,545 


I'exas 


29 


44 
15 
4 


3,86 1 
J 93 

839 


299: 

24 
7 


19.320.000 

965,000 

4,1 9\ 0:0 


212 
449 

394 


44 

52 
89 


6,271 


15,698 

2,271 
2.516 


Utal .... 


Vermont 


5 


1,487 


Virginia 




13 


2,856 


141 


14,280,1 00 


425 




432,563 


10,562 


Washington .... 




14 


292 


20 


1.460.000 


82; 


27 


13 


4,130 


West "\ itirginia 


78 


17 


779 


20 


3,895,000 


568 


120 


97.928 


20.257 


Wisconsin 


10 


292 


3,607 


100; 


18,035,000 


292 


56 


1,019,330 


295,818 








109 




545,000 


83 


48 




927 


United States.. 


8,133 


3,421 


161,144 


\ 
7,276 


805,720,000 


240 


52 


89,033,683 


8,009,969 



* In the preparation of this table the fractions were thrown out, except in a few 
• here the fraction was l.ir-.: \ when a unit was added. 



50 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

and labor, is a compendious history of the liquor- 
traffic in the United States for the year ending June 
30, 1872, based on the Internal Revenue Report for 
1872 and the Census Returns for 1870. Column No. 1 
shows the number of distilleries in operation ; No. 2, 
the number of breweries ; No. 3, number of licensed 
retail liquor-dealers ; No. 4, number of licensed 
wholesale liquor-dealers ; No. 5, the sales of licensed 
retailers of liquors, estimating $5,000 to be the annual 
average sales of each ; No. 6, the number of persons 
for each licensed retailer of liquors ; No. 7, number 
of male adults to each licensed retailer of liquors ; 
No. 8, the gallons of spirits distilled ; No. 9, the 
barrels of fermented liquors brewed during the year. 
It will be seen by referring to the columns for 
Pennsylvania that there were in operation during the 
year 86 distilleries, 443 breweries ; that there were 
15,745 licensed retailers, 861 wholesale dealers ; the 
sales of liquor $78,725,000, and one retailer to 223 
persons, and one for every 50 adult males, etc. The 
same can be found for each of the States, etc. 

QUANTITY AND COST OF LIQUOES FOE THIETEEN 
YEAES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Having seen the approximated cost of liquors for 
the years 1870-71-72, we will now endeavor to ascer- 
tain our nation's liquor-bill for the 13 years between 
1860 and 1872, inclusive. The following is an exhibit 
of the liquors reported to United States officials ; also, 
an estimate of their cost, at the rates already given 
for the years 1870, 1871, and 1872: 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 51 



Year. Liquors paying Tax. 




11 tail Co~t to 
Consumers. 


1860* .... 203,476,057 gallons, 


costing $668,853,630 


1661 






j-197,143,194 


u 


613,433,995 


1862 






f]91,954,182 


a 


" 593,010,453 


1863 






1:77,509,397 


u 


" 181,593,317 


1864 




. 


1209,554,922 


lt 


" 661,449,518 


1865 




. 


. $133,886,856 


a 


" 208,996,925 


1866 




. 


J181,391,444 


a 


" 294,624,795 


1867 




. 


§221,200,000 


u 


" 600,000,000 


1863 






1172,117,445 


a 


229,018,463 


1869 






1262,464,803 


Li 


" 693,999,509 


1870 






1272,530,107 


u 


" 619,425,110 


1871 . 




. 


1302,409,593 


a 


" 680,036,042 


1872 




• 


1337,283,066 


a 


" 735,720,048 


Total for 1 


3 years, . 


2,762,926,066 


$6,780,161,805 



The quantity of liquors reported for the 13 years 
ending June 30, 1872, is much less than was con- 
sumed ; for not more than one-third of the liquors 
manufactured in the United States during the years 
1865-66-67 and 1868 were reported and paid duty to 
the Government, as the examination of the following 
table will fully establish : 



TABLE VII. 

Slioicing the gallons of distilled spirits reported in the several years 
by the Internal Revenue Department. 



Year. 


Spirits. 


Year. 


. Spirits. 


I860 


88,003,089 gallonsll | 


186711 


14,575,168 gallons, i 


1861 


No report of Inter. Key. 


1868H 


7,231,814 " 


1862 


it a 


186911 


62,092,417 " 


18631T 


16,149,954 gallons. 


187011 


72,425,353 " 




(for 10 mos.) 


1871 1T 


56,776,179 " 


1864H 


85,295,391 gallons. 


187211 


69,033,533 " 


1865H 


16,936,778 " 


1873 


71,151,367 " 


186651 


14,599,274 " 


1874 


69,572,062 " 



* Census Report and returns of Custom-house for 1800. 

t Domestic liquors estimated ; imported from returns of Custom-house for 1861. 
X Reports of Internal Revenue and Commerce and Navigation for the years 
given. 

§ The estimate of Dr. Young, Chief cf the Bureau of Statistics. 

I Prom Census Report, 18G0. r From Internal Revenue Beport of that. year. 



52 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

In 1864, when the tax to March 7 was 20 cents, after 
that date 60 cents per gallon, 85,295,391 gallons were 
reported ; bnt when the tax was $2 a gallon, there were 
reported in 1865 only 16,936,778 gallons ; in 1866, 
14,599,274 gallons ; in 1867, 14,575,168 gallons ; and 
in 1868, but 7,231,814 gallons. 

In 1869 the tax was reduced to 50 cents per gallon, 
when there were reported 62,092,417 gallons, or 
54,860,603 gallons more than in the previous year; 
in 1870 there were reported 72,425,353; in 187.1, 
56,776,179; and in 1872, 69,033,533. Every one 
must feel certain that more liquors were manu- 
factured and consumed than paid the tax of 186,% 
66-67 and 1868. It would be absurd to suppose that 
there was so great a falling off in the manufacture 
and consumption of spirits ; for in the very years 
when the greatest failing off of revenue occurred 
there was the greatest amount of drunkenness in our 
I country. Every one knows that in 1865-66 and 1867 
there was more intemperance than in any other years 
.in the history of the country. 

For in these years, just at the close of the war, the 
soldiers returned home with back pay, bounty, etc., 
much of which, if not the greater portion, was spent 
for drink, and went into the already well-filled tills 
of the drink- sellers. In regard to the falling off of 
the revenue on intoxicating drinks, there can be but 
one rational opinion, and that is that the Government 
was robbed of its just revenue by the liquor-manu- 
facturers and liquor-dealers. 

Dr. Young, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, esti- 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 53 

mates the annual consumption (1867) to be about 
221,200,000 gallons, and the cost about $600,000,000. 
He says : "These figures are sufficiently startling, and 
need no exaggeration. Six hundred million dollars ! 
The minds of few persons can comprehend this vast 
sum, which is worse than wasted every year. It 
would pay for 100,000,000 barrels of flour, averaging 
2^ barrels of flour to every man, woman, and child 
in the country. 

"This flour, if placed in wagons, ten barrels in each, 
would require 10,000,000 teams, which, allowing 
eight yards to each, would extend 45,455 miles — 
nearly twice round the earth, or half way to the 
moon. If the sum were in one-dollar notes, it would 
take one hundred persons one year to count them. 
If spread on the surface of the ground, so that no 
spaces should be left between the notes, the area 
covered would be 20,466 acres, forming a parallelogram 
of 6 by a little over 5}4 miles, the walk around it 
being more than 22^ miles." 

The truth, as the doctor says, will better serve the 
cause of temperance than any amount of exaggera- 
tion. The statements made by Dr. Young will greatly 
serve the cause of truth by enabling us to approach 
nearer to the true cost than we might otherwise dare 
to do. Dr. Young informs us that Mr. Wells's 
report of 1867, which gives $1,483,491,865 as the 
aggregate annual sales of the licensed retail liquor- 
dealers of the United States, includes other things 
sold by them as well as liquors. Though Mr. AY ells' s 
report does include other articles sold by retail liquor- 



54 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING BRINKS. 

dealers, yet it is nearer the real cost, direct and 
indirect, of liquors in the United States than any 
other official report yet made on the subject. 

It is very probable that there are sold and 
consumed in the United States annually not less than 
100,000,000 gallons of spirits. As already given, 
there were in 1860 88,003,089 gallons of spirits dis- 
tilled. By the Internal Revenue Report of 1864 
there were 85,000,000 gallons distilled during that 
year en which the tax was paid. No one believes all 
the liquor distilled is reported. Every report of the 
Internal Revenue mentions the seizures of illicit dis- 
tilleries, etc., and the capture of thousands of gallons 
of liquors. In 1870 there were captured 76^081 
gallons of spirits ; and, notwithstanding the Brewers' 
Congress boasts of the great revenue they pay and 
their honesty, some of them attempted to rob the 
Government of the tax on 10,310 barrels of beer ; and 
they too, with all their claimed honesty, like all 
other thieves, when they have "felt the halter draw " 
had no " good opinion of the law." No one supposes 
that all the frauds on the Government are detected, 
any more than all the thieves and pickpockets are 
caught in every act. Under the Revenue Laws of 
1866-67, the distillers could and did systematically 
defraud the Government.* 

Like an expert gambler, the distiller looks over 
the whole field and weighs the probabilities ; the 
chances are nine out of ten that he will not be dis- 



* See Report of the Select Committee of Congress on Internal Revenue 
Frauds, February 5, 1867. 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DRINKS. 1)0 

turbed ; and if he should be so unfortunate as to be 
caught, he need not be alarmed. 

Perhaps he has manufactured live or even ten 
thousand barrels, which he has disposed of without 
paying the tax ; he may have lost by the seizure fifty 
or sixty barrels, but he has put into his pocket per- 
haps a hundred and fifty or three hundred thousand 
dollars. This is a very strong inducement to run a 
small risk. When the case goes to Washington, he 
is promised, if he will pay the tax on the fifty barrels 
captured, with a small additional penalty, the pro- 
ceedings will be stopped ; he does so, and the case is 
ended. The Committee on Internal Revenue Frauds 
reports that "among all seizures and prosecutions in 
the cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn 
— and they have been many — your Committee cannot 
ascertain that a single case was pursued to the 
extreme limit provided by law." 

The frauds upon the Government have not ceased, 
which makes it impossible for any one to ascertain 
the quantity of intoxicating drinks annually con- 
sumed ; all we can know is what is returned to the 
Internal Revenue Department. 

A person may just as well say that there are only 
so many pickpockets because a certain number are 
caught, as that all the liquor made and consumed is 
reported and pays tax. 

Therefore considerable allowance must be made 
when Ave attempt to estimate the extent of the liquor- 
traffic by official reports. 

Of this we may be very certain : that the liquors 



56 QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 



consumed are not less than the amount returned by 
the manufacturers and the dealers. 

Dr. Young estimates the annual average sales of 
the licensed retail liquor-dealers to be about four 
thousand dollars ($4,000). 

This average is certainly too small, for it is only 
$10 76 a day, which, if we allow them to make 100 
per cent, profit, will only leave $5 38 per day. With 
this average daily income, every business man will 
readily see that the liquor-dealers would not be able 
to pay their high rents, license fees, taxes, the wages 
of bar- tenders, etc., support their families, and spend 
money freely, as they generally do. It is entirely 
out of the question for them to carry on their business 
as they do on an average of $5 38 per day profit. 
Any one who has given the subject much thought 
and investigation, or has any knowledge of the busi- 
ness, will not put their annual average sales at less 
than $6,000. 

But, not to seem to over-estimate, we allow the 
average sales of the licensed retailers to be $5,000 
per annum. 

We venture to say, there is scarcely a three- 
cent liquor-den in Alaska or Baker Street, Philadel- 
phia, or Five Points, New York, but will sell $5,000 
worth of liquors during the year. 

The average sales of the liquor- shops of the city of 
Philadelphia, if we leave out the unlicensed places, 
will not be less than $10,000 a year, which, with 4,105 
licensed shops of 1867, will give as the annual liquor- 
bill of Philadelphia $41,050,000; and to take the 



QUANTITY AND COST OF INTOXICATING DKINKS. 57 

licensed shops of 1873, which were 4,716, at the 
average of $5,000, then Philadelphia's liquor-bill is 
not less than $23,580,000 a year. Hence we feel con- 
fident that it will be no undue assumption for any 
community to average the sales of their licensed 
liquor- shops at $5,000 per annum. 

This the liquor-men know to be true ; if it is not, 
it is because the average is too low. 

Before concluding this chapter, we ask to be ex- 
cused for dwelling so long on this subject. 

There have been so many different estimates of the 
cost of liquors that we have endeavored to furnish 
official and definite conclusions on the subject. 

The above basis will furnish, we believe, a guide by 
which the cost of liquors in any community can be 
approximated sufficiently near for all practical pur- 
poses. 

The standard average, $5,000 each, for the licensed 
drinking-places, considering the large number of un- 
licensed establishments which everywhere are the sure 
concomitants of licensed drinking-shops, will not give 
the cost of liquor more than it really is in almost any 
portion of the United States. 



CHAPTER V. 

COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH SOME OF OUR 
INDUSTRIES. 

If we take Dr. Young's estimate (Chief of the 
Bureau of Statistics), that the annual cost of liquors 
in the United States is $600,000,000, then, for the ten 
years from 1861 to 1870 inclusive, our people spent 
six thousand million dollars ($6,000,000,000). 

This drink-bill of six thousand million dollars for 
ten years — what an immense cost ! What finite mind 
can grasp or comprehend the immensity of the labor- 
value of six thousand million dollars \ 

This sum appears as fabulous as the marvellous 
stories of the "Arabian Nights." But, alas! for 
poor humanity, for the welfare and prosperity of our 
people, and the honor of our country, it is no fiction, 
but a lamentable reality. This almost incompre- 
hensible amount of money, produced by the sweat 
and toil of the toilers of our land, is spent mainly by 
our hard-working artisans, mechanics, and laborers, 
who can the least of all people in the country afford 
such prodigious waste and extravagance. 

This hard-earned capital, that should be expended 
for food and clothing, for the half -starved and ill-clad 
thousands who are suffering for the want of them, or 
by the " parish bounty fed," is devoured b}^ the demon 

58 



COST OF LIQUOBS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 59 

of the still ; and, because this capital is so misspent, 
our jails are filled with criminals, our poor-houses 
with paupers, our asylums, homes, and charities with 
dependants, and our industrious, sober citizens bur- 
dened with taxes that would not be needed but for 
this waste of liquors. The cost of liquors for ten 
years is nearly two-thirds of the assessed value 
(§9,914,780,825) of all the real estate in the United 
States, while the assessed value (§4,264,205,907) of all 
the personal property of the United States is but little 
more than two- thirds of our ten years' drink-bill. 
Again, by the Census Returns of 1870, the value of all 
our "products of agriculture, betterments, and addi- 
tions of stock (§2,447,538,658)," and the value of all 
our manufactures (§4,232,325,442), were the sum of 
§6,679,864,100, or only §679,864,100 more than is 
spent every ten years for liquors. Thus our people 
expend every eleven years for intoxicating drinks 
more than the value of all the products of agriculture 
and all our mechanical and manufacturing indus- 
tries. 

If in every eleventh year a fire should be kindled 
in the United States on the 1st of January, and con- 
tinue burning until the last moment in December, and 
if every particle of our agricultural and manufactured 
products, as fast as they are produced, should be 
cast into the flames, and burned up until onl} r the 
ashes remain, it would not inflict as much injury 
upon our people as is produced every eleven years by 
the use and sale of intoxicating drinks. The money 
expended for those drinks is not only lost, but the 



60 COST OF LIQUOES COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 

drinks entail upon our people the additional evils of 
vice, wretchedness, crime, and demoralization, that 
far, very far outweigh the value of the money ex- 
pended for them. If the products to the value of the 
money spent for drinks were only destroyed by lire 
or flood, it would not deprive our industrious classes 
of the mental and physical power to replace them, as 
do the drinks for which their hard-earned millions are 
expended. What nation or people, however favored, 
can long exist and prosper who expend or waste the 
value of so much labor for poisonous drinks 4 Can 
we wonder that we have money-panics, hard times, 
and stagnation of trade 1 

The people who use such economy will ultimately 
become ruined and bankrupt. "The money," you 
say, "spent for liquor is not all taken out of the 
country, but is left to circulate among our people." 

True. But what does the purchaser receive for his 
money spent for drinks ? Absolutely nothing. Ay, 
worse than nothing ; for they do not promote his 
health, comfort, or happiness, but injure his health, 
mar his comfort, destroy his happiness, unfit him for 
productive labor, shorten his life, and militate against 
all his interests, for time and for eternity. 

Again : The capital spent for alcoholic drinks adds 
nothing to the consumer's possessions, as do whole- 
some food, clothing, furniture, and other property, 
real and personal ; it is spent for poisonous slops, 
that give but momentary excitement to his animal 
passions or sentient pleasures, and finally leave him 
physically, mentally, and morally worse for their use. 



COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITII INDUSTRIES. CI 

And it would have been vastly better for liim if lie 
had cast tlie money into tlie lire, or had poured the 
liquor into the gutter as soon as lie had paid for 
it. He would have felt no loss, but would be a 
gainer by so doing. 



THE NATION S L0S3 BY THE DRINII-TRAFEIC. 

The loss to the nation by the use of intoxicating 
drinks and the traffic in them is incalculable, but is 
certainly not less than the money paid for the drinks, 
and we should be no worse off if we should suspend 
our national industries to the value of the money 
paid for liquors, providing that at the same time wo 
entirely ceased their manufacture and sale. 

To illustrate this, let us compare the industries of 
a few of the States with the cost of liquors to the 
people of the same States : 



States. 


Yalao of the 
Products of 
Agriculture. 


Value of 
vjaiiufact'r's. 


Total TTage.3 
Paid. 


Cost of 
Liquors to 
Consumers. 


receipts of 

the Railways 

in 1873. 


New York, 
Pennsylvania, 
Illinois, . 

Ohio, 

Massachusetts, 

Maine, 


Dollars.* 

253,526,153 
183,946,027 
210,880,585 
198,256,907 
32,192,378 
33,470,044 


Dollars.* 
785,194,651 
711,894,344 
205,620,672 
269,713,610 
553,912,568 

79,497,521 


Dollars."" 
176,918,120 
151,158,538 

53,439,011 

65,547,266 
123,872,918 

17,185,497 


Dollars.* 
106,590,000 
65,075,000 
42,825,000 
58, 845, 000 
25,195,000 
4,215,000 


Dollars."- 
68,825,007 
83,357,427 
54,086,412 
59,508,950 
27,850,458 : 
4,363,741 



By examining the above figures, given in the Census 
of 1870, Table 80, etc., it will be seen that in the year 
1870 there was spent for liquors in New York $106,- 
590,000, or more than two-fifths of the value of pro- 
ducts of agriculture, and nearly one-seventh of all 



See Table VIII., from which they are takes. 



G2 COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 



TABLE 

Exhibits ivumber of Licensed Retail Liquor-Dealers, and the Estimated 
Agricultural Products and Wages; cdso, the Manufactures, icith 
Products in each State and Territory, by the Census of the 



STATES AND TEE- 
P.1TOBIES. 



Number of 
licensed 
retail 
liquor- 
dealers. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District Columbia. 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 



Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire . . 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina . . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina ... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont , 

Virginia 

Washington , 

West Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



Number. 
1,976 

119 
2,000 
5,845 

371 

3,352 

82 

3*8 
1.087 

580 
2,767 

244 
8.562 
4,444 
3,073 
1,117 
4,761 
4,414 

843 
4 285 
5.039 
5.020 
1,930 
1,807 
5,888 

449 

635 

658 
1,161 
5,649 

418 

21,318 

1,315 

1 1,769 

738 
13,015 

727 
1,565 
2.684 
2,168 

128 

540 
3,314 

224 

543 
3,864 

236 



The estimated 
cost of liquor 

to the con- 
sumers ; esti- 
mating that the 
average sales 



Agriculture of United States 
Production and "Wages.* 



Estimated value 
! of ail farm pro- 
e- 



ductions, better- Total amount 
of each licensed ments, and addi- of wages paid, 
retail liquor- i tions to stock, including the 
i dealer are $5,000 by the Census of value of 
| per annum, i United States, i board. 
1S70. 



Dollars. 

9,880,000 

595,000 

10 01 0,000 

29.225.000 

1.855.000 

16,760.000 

410,000 

1 840,000 
5,435,000 
2,900,000 

13,835,000 

1,220.000 

42,825,000 

2-2.2-20,000 

15,365.000 

5 585,000 

23.805.000 

22,070,000 

4,215.000 

21,425,000 

25,195,000 

25 100 0C0 

9,650 000 

9,035,000 

29,440,000 

2,445,000 

3,175.000 

3,290.000 

5,80 i, 000 

28,245.000 

2 090.000 
106,500, 000 

6,575,000 
5«, 845, 000 

3.690 000 
65,075,000 

3,635,000 

7.825,000 

13 420.000 

10,840.000 

640 0C0 

2,700 COO 
16.5:0X00 

1.1-20X00 

2,715.000 
19 3-0 000 

1,180,0,0 



Dollars. 


Po'lars. 


67,522,335 


11,851,870 


277,998 


104.620 


40,701,699 


4.06!. 952 


49,856 024 


10,369.247 


2,335.106 


416,236 


26,482.150 


4,405,064 


495,657 


71,156 


8,171,667 


1,696 571 


319,517 


1*4,338 


8,909,746 


1,? 37.060 


80 390,228 


19.787,086 


637.797 


153,007 


2in.8-;o 585 


22,338,767 


122,914,302 


9.675.348 


114,386.441 


9,377,878 


27.630,651 


2.519.452 


87,477,374 


10.709,382 


5-2.C06.622 


11,042.789 


33,4:0.044 


2,903 -292 


35,343,927 


8,? 60.367 


32,192 378 


5,821 ,032 


81,508 623 


8,421.161 


33,446,400 


4 4H9 101 


73,137,953 


10,3-26,794 


103 035,759 


8.797.487 


1.676,660 


325,213 


8,604,742 


882.478 


1,659.713 


438 350 


22,473,547 


2,319.164 


42,725 H:8 


8.314.548 


1.905.0(0 


523,858 


253.526.153 


34,451.362 


57.845 940 


8,342,856 


198.256 907 


16.4K0 778 


7.122, 7 90 


719,875 


183.946.027 


23,181,944 


4,761.163 


1.124.118 


41.903,403 


7 404 297 


86,472.847 


7,118 003 


49,185,170 


4.177.638 


1,973,142 


1 S3. 095 


34.647 027 


4,155 385 


51 774,801 


9,7' 3 041 


2.111.S02 


215.522 


23.379,692 


1,903.788 


7^,027.032 


8,186.110 


42,730 


3.075 



I United States.... 143,115 715 575.009 2,447 538, f5S | 310,286,285 

* Ceosu3 Roport, Ydl. III., p. 81. 



COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 03 

VIIL 

Cost of Liquors i.i each Scats and Territory ; also, the Value of ail the 
Capital invested, Wages paid, Cost of Materials, and Value of the 
United States, 1S70. 



7 lanuTacture:; of tie Onitec 



The total r?- 
: ceiptsofthe 

railway.* of the 





TTa333paid. 


Capital invested. 


Cost of material. 


Value cf 

Production. 


U. S. tor is ( :i, 

from Poor'd 

Bail way 

Manual of the 

U. S. for 

1S74-75. 

Dollars. 




Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollar?. 


1 


.2.227,963 


5.714.032 


7,592,837 


13.041.644 


4 957,941 


3 


45,580 
673.963 


150.7:0 
1 762,913 


110,090 
2.536,998 


185.410 
4,629,234 




927". 609 " 


4 


13.136,722 


39,723,202 


35,351,193 


6(3,594,556 


15.276.749 


5 


538.291 


2,835 605 


1.593,233 


2,852,820 


1,098 596 


6 


38,937,187 


95,281,278 


86,419,579 


161,065,474 


10,544.810 




21.106 


79,200 


105 997 


178 570 


162.725 


s 


3.692,195 


10,839 093 


10.205,397 


16,791,382 


666,801 


1) 


2.00 r. 1300 


5,021 925 


4,754,833 


9,292,173 




10 


9 <9.59 1 


1 679,930 


2,330,373 


4,685,403 


479,000 ' 


11 


4.844,508 


13,930 125 


18,533,731 


31,196,115 


7,695,955 


12 


112.372 


742 300 


691,785 


1.047,624 




13 


31,100,244 


94,368 057 


127,600,077 


205,620,673 


'54,088,412 ' 


14 


18,366 7S0 


52,052,425 


63,135,492 


108,617,278 


24,279,062 


15 


6,893 292 


22 420,183 


27,(382,00(3 


4(5,534,322 


7,983,988 


16 


2,377,511 


4,319,0(30 


6,112.1(33 


11,775,833 


10,062,437 


17 


9.444,524 


29,277,800 


29,497,535 


54,635,809 


7,199,993 


IS 


4,593,470 


13 313,974 


12,412,023 


24,161,905 


2,740,489 


19 


14,*83,>05 


39.796,190 


49,379,757 


79,497,521 


4.363,741 


20 


12 683,817 


3(3.438.729 


4(3,897,032 


7(3,593,613 


15,310,942 
27,850,453 | 


21 


lH,0M,^8fi 


231 (377.862 


334,413,93 > 


553,912,568 


2 2 


21.205355 


71 712.283 


(38,142,515 


11S,304,'376 


14,295,988 


23 


4 053,837 


11,993.729 


13,842,902 


23,110,700 


4,212,344 


21 


1,547,428 


4.501.714 


4,364,206 


8,154,758 


5,424,326 


25 


31,055.445 


80.257.244 


145,533,2(39 


20(3,213,429 


12,188,908 


26 


370 843 


1.79 4,300 


1,31(3,331 


2,494,511 




27 


1.429,913 


2 169,963 


2,902,074 


5,738,513 


'" 11,358,447 ' 


28 
29 


2,193.473 
13.823,091 


5.127.790 
36,023.743 


10,315,984 
44,577,967 


15,870,539 
71,038,249 




ir K4?i0 1 


30 


32.643.40.) 


79,601,719 


103,415,245 


169,237,732 


25,840.023 | 


31 


167,381 


1.450.(395 


880,957 


1,489,868 

785,194,651 




32 


142,465,758 


36(3,994,320 


432.0(35 452 


'"68^2-',007" 


33 


2,195,711 


8140.473 


12,824,(393 


19,021.327 


2,897,488 . 


31 


49.033,488 


141,923,964 


157,131,(397 


269,713 610 


59,5Os,950 | 


33 


1.120,173 


4,376,849 


3,419,756 


6,877,387 


: 


36 


127.97(3,594 


406.821.845 


431,197,673 


711,804,344 


80 357,127 


37 


19.354,256 


66,557,322 


73,154,199 


111,418,354 


1,115,672 


38 


1,543.715 


5,400,418 


5,355,736 


9,858,981 


3.56 027 


33 


5.390.630 


15,593 295 


19,657,027 


34,363,636 


.517 


4) 


1,787,835 


5.28 4,110 


(3,273,193 


11,51 7, 002 


6 147.616 


41 


3 15,365 


1,391,898 


1,238,252 


2 343 019 


1 332,612 


42 


6,264.581 


20,339,637 


17 007,769 


32.184,606 


4,183,547 


4! 


5,343,099 


13.455 403 


2^,332,381 


38,361 322 


7,093,243 


41 


574,936 


1.893,674 


1 135,123 


2 851,032 





45 


4,322.164 


11.084,^20 


11 503,7'»1 


21 10 ',201 


51,902 


46 


13,575.642 


41 9S1 872 


45 851,266 


77,21 


11.146,812 


47 


3 17, ",78 


889.100 


280,156 


765,434 

•1,232. 






775,581,343 


2,113.C03,760 


2,488.427,242 


586,419,93 '< 






G4 COST OE LIQTfORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 

manufactures, paid nearly two-thirds of the wages 
paid for both agriculture and manufactures ; the 
liquor-bill being little less than twice the receipts 
of her railroads. 

The liquor-bill of Pennsylvania in 1870 was $65,- 
075,000, which was one-third the value of the products 
of agriculture, nearly one-tenth of her manufactures, 
more than two-fifths of wages paid, and about three- 
fourths of the receipts of her railroads, though there 
are more miles of railroads in Pennsylvania than in 
any other State in the Union. 

The liquor-bill of Illinois was 842,825,000, or more 
than one-fifth the value of the products of agri- 
culture, a little less than one-fourth of her manu- 
factures, about ten million dollars less than the 
aggregate wages paid for all the agricultural and 
manufacturing industries of the State, and only 
about eleven million dollars less than the annual 
receipts of her railroads. That year Ohio paid for 
liquors $58,845,000, which was more than one-fourth 
of the value of the products of agriculture, and more 
than one-fifth the value of- her manufactures ; while it 
was only a little more than six million dollars less 
than all the wages paid for labor, and as much nearly 
as the receipts of all the railroads of the State. 

The liquor-bill of Massachusetts was $25,195,000, 
being five-sixths of the value of her products of agri- 
culture, one-twenty-second of the manufactures, and 
not one-fifth of the amount of wages paid. 

In Maine liquors cost only $4,215,000, or less than 
one-eighth of the value of the products of agricul- 



COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 65 

ture, less than one- sixteenth the value of the manu- 
factures, and only two-sevenths of the wages paid 
in the State. 

It is said by the friends and supporters of the 
liquor-traffic that the prohibitory laws of Maine and 
Massachusetts are failures. Now, we ask these per- 
sons to examine the above carefully, and compare the 
liquor-bills of these two States with the products of 
agriculture, manufactures, and wages paid ; and then 
turn to the other six States given, or to any State 
granting license, and make the same comparisons, and 
the result will in each case be found in favor of the 
State which most restricts the liquor-trade. If all the 
States and Territories be so examined — which can be 
easily done by consulting the preceding Table VIII. , 
which exhibits the amount of the cost of liquor to 
each State, and then compare the cost of liquors with 
the value of the products of agriculture, manufac- 
tures, and wages paid in each — the conclusion will 
be inevitable that the true policy of any State seek- 
ing the prosperity and happiness of its people is 
prohibition. 

Can any reflecting person consider the immense 
cost of alcoholic drinks, when compared with the 
value of the productive industries of the nation, with- 
out forebodings of the ruin that is in store for our 
country ? This waste does not exist alone in Penn- 
sylvania or Xew York, but the same cause is produc- 
ing the same effects in all States of the Union, as can 
be seen by Table VEX 

Is it possible for any state or nation to long prosper 



QG COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 

or exist whose people spend for demoralizing drinks 
so large a proportion of the value of their products of 
industry? The people who practise such irrational 
political economy will eventually sink into decay, and 
leave a mass of mouldering ruins as monuments of 
the egregious folly of allowing or licensing a traffic 
that produces as legitimate fruits idleness, poverty, 
crime, disease, and death. 

COST OF WAR AND DRINKS. 

From an essay furnished by David A. Wells to the 
Cobden Club, England, upon the expenses, income, 
and taxes of the United States, we learn that the 
whole cost of the war of the Rebellion, North and 
South, from 1861 to 1866. is estimated as follows : 
Lives, 1,000,000; property by destruction, waste, etc., 
$9, 000, 000, 000. The expenditures of the United States 
from June, 1861, to July, 1866, $5,792,257,000 ; of this 
the actual war expenses were about $5,342,237,000. 
The expenses of States, counties, cities, and towns in 
the Northern States, not represented by funded 
debt, have been estimated at $500,000,000. The in- 
crease of State debts on the war account was $123,- 
000,000. The increase of city, town, and county 
debts is estimated at $200,000,000 ; the total war 
expenses of the loyal States and National Govern- 
ment, $6,165,237,000. The estimated direct expenses 
of the Confederate States on account of the war 
were $2,000,000,000. Aggregated expenses of the 
country, North and South, $8,195,237,000. The 






COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 07 

total receipts from all sources during the second 
year of the war were less than $42,000,000. The ex- 
penditures were $60,000,000 per month, at the rate of 
$700,000,000 per annum. 

This immense cost of treasure and blood during the; 
live years of the Rebellion is truly appalling. Yet it 
was not all spent in vain, for the nation was saved 
and chattel slavery abolished. 

But the slavery of strong drink rules our country 
yet. Its slavery is vastly more oppressive, more de- 
grading to its victims, and much, very much, more 
injurious to their moral, religious, and intellectual 
condition and the general financial affairs of the 
country, than the chattel slavery of the Southern 
States. But let us take a glimpse at our nation 1 s 
drink-bill compared with our late war expenses. 

The annual cost of intoxicating drinks in the United 
States, at Dr. E. Young s estimate of $600,000,000 a 
year, in ten years would amount to the total war 
expenses of the loyal States and the National Govern- 
ment. Our drink-bill in thirteen and a half years 
would amount to more than the aggregate war ex- 
penses of both the North and the South. 

Every fifteen years we expend more for strong 
drinks than the value of all the property wasted and 
destroyed during the five years of the war. And 
every year it costs our people over one million dollars 
more for strong drinks than the expenses during the 
war of all the States, counties, cities, and towns in the 
Northern States not represented by funded debts. 

When we were expending $60,000,000 a month, or 



GS COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 

at the rate of $700,000,000 -a year, to crush out 
the Rebellion and save the nation, a cry arose in 
all parts of the country that the nation would be 
bankrupt, that we should never be able to pay off the 
debt. Men all over the land, on every public and 
private occasion, at every gathering, railed at and 
found fault with the Government because of these 
expenditures. Yet, strange as it may seem, we were 
expending at the same time almost as much, if not 
more, for poisonous beverages or strong drinks, with- 
out a single word of complaint. It is very safe to say 
that in every year from 1861 to 1874 more money 
was spent for alcoholic drinks than would pay the 
annual war expenses. 

Again, the money now spent for strong drinks, if 
devoted to the liquidation of our national debt, would 
pay it all off in less than three years. 

What a deplorable cost ! What a shame that a 
professedly Christian nation should pay annually six 
or seven hundred million dollars to produce poverty, 
crime, degradation, demoralization, financial depres- 
sion, and ruin ! 

No people were ever so favored by a beneficent 
Creator. 

What do our people receive of these millions ex- 
pended for liquor? First, they receive about 274,- 
456,376 gallons of a great variety of admixtures of 
various degrees of alcoholic strength. The liquor 
drunk in 1870 would allow about seven gallons for 
each man, . woman, and child of the Union. 

Why do our people drink it % It cannot certainly 



COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 69 

be for the watery portion, for much better and purer 
water can be obtained freely from the rill and the 
spring. 

If it is not for water, what are its other ingredients \ 
It contains, besides spoiled water, alcohol, which is an 
acrid narcotic poison, and frequently numerous other 
drugs. But it is drunk for the excitant alcohol. 
How much alcohol do our people drink \ If distilled 
spirits contain 50 per cent, of alcohol, malt liquors 
5 per cent., and wines 20 per cent., our people will 
consume of pure alcohol, contained in the domestic 
and imported spirits, ale, beer, wine, etc., the 
quantity of which has heretofore been given, as fol- 
lows, viz. : 

Gallons. 

In distilled spirits, cordials, .etc., • . . . 33,798,202 

In malt liquors, 9,948,310 

In vanes, *. . . . ". . . 1,903,066 



Total gallons of alcohol consimied, . . 50,655,178 

Thus there are consumed in our country annually 
more than five quarts of the purest alcohol for every 
man, woman, and child. Can we wonder at the 
large sickness and death-rate in our country when 
so much liquid poison is drunk \ We are con- 
fident that satisfactory evidence can be adduced 
to show that bat for the use of intoxicating drinks 
the sick-rate, as well as the death-rate, of our coun- 
try would be reduced to not less than one-half 
what it is at present. If all the alcohol were taken 
out of these drinks, what would be left for the money 
paid for them? 



70 COST OF LIQUORS COMPARED WITH INDUSTRIES. 

There would remain 227,874,935 gallons of spoiled 
water, or, more strictly speaking, a decoction of vile, 
poisonous drugs that the very swine would refuse to 
drink, unless their appetites and tastes had first 
become perverted, by being starved in a brewery or 
distillery, until they learned to drink. 

What else have we for all the millions spent for 
them? We have drunkenness, with its follies, its 
revels, its obscenity, its beastliness, crime, and taxa- 
tion. These drinks are marshalled enemies against 
civilization, liberty, justice, humanity, morality, and 
religion. In addition to all these we have also 
poverty, with its attendant evils ; ignorance, with its 
vulgarity, brutishness, and vices ; crime of every 
degree ; accidents on land and sea ; idiocy, insanity, 
madness, disease, premature old age, and death. Are 
all these worth the price paid for them \ Does it pay % 
In the prayerful hope that the statistics and their 
relations and comparisons with the drink- traffic may 
prove the looking-glass by which the blotched and 
pale face of the body politic, weakened by intoxicat- 
ing drinks, may clearly be seen, the author has 
toiled many weary hours in presenting them to his 
countrymen. 
\ 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

The drink-bill of the United States in 1870, exclu- 
sive of domestic wines and other liquors made and 
drunk, was $619,425,098 ; and, in addition to this sum, 
it must be clear to every one who knows anything of 
the drink-trade that more liquors are annually, manu- 
factured and sold than are reported to the Govern- 
ment. * In consideration of the difficult v of beins; able 
to arrive at the true cost of intoxicating drinks, we 
have estimated the annual sales of licensed retail 
liquor-dealers at 85,000 each, and it is assumed this 
average will furnish a correct basis for ascertaining 
the annual cost of liquors in the United States. 

There were in 1870 143,115 licensed retailers, whose 
aggregate sales of liquors on the above basis would 
be 8715,575,000. 

The difference between this sum and that of the 
estimate based on the returns of the Internal Revenue 
Peport of 1870 is 896,149,902, which will be a small 
allowance for the liquors which are made and con- 
sumed, but not embraced in any official report. 

This $715,575,000, taken from the productive in- 
dustry of the country, is in itself sufficient to cause 

* The liquor frauds just brought to light all over the country plainly prove 
the impossibility of arriving at tho truo cost of intoxicating drinks from Revenue 
Reports. At best we can but approximate ; heaca all our estimates are below 
the true ccs . 



72 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

great depression of our national trade. All that is 
needed to secure the most abundant commercial pros- 
perity, and to give full employment to all classes of 
productive laborers, is to transfer these millions from 
the liquor business, and devote them to the purchase 
of the necessaries of life, which would increase the 
demand for the products of agriculture and manu- 
factures equaA to the value of the sum thus use- 
lessly expended. 

If our cotton, woollen, and other factories are not 
now as busy as formerly, it is because they cannot 
dispose of their goods. It is also certain that if the 
goods are not disposed of, it is because the people 
either spend their money for other articles, or are 
poorer and have not the money to spend. Our people 
cannot be poorer ; for year after year the wealth of the 
country increases faster proportionately than does the 
population. Wages are higher in this than in any 
other country. 

The truth of the matter is that our people squander 
their money for what is not only useless, but injuri- 
ous, and devote their wages to the purchase of those 
things which give the least labor to our workers. 

Let us examine just one item of lavish and impro- 
vident expenditure— the use of intoxicating drinks — - 
and see : l this does not chiefly cause the bad trade 
andfthe severe depression of business now so general 
all over our country. 

During the years 1869-70-71-72 there was ex- 
pended in the United States for intoxicating drinks 
as follows : 



USE OF STRONG DIUXKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 73 

In 1369, $693,999,509 

In 1870, 619,425,110 

In 1371, 630,030,042 

In 1872, 735,720,043 

Total f >r 4 years, .... $2,729, 1 80,709 

Annual average, .... 632,290,677 

Being an average for those four years of more than 
six hundred and eighty-two million dollars spent 
annually for intoxicating drinks. 

It is self-evident that he who spends his wages for 
drink, unless he is richer than the majority of our 
citizens, must be deprived of many luxuries, and even 
necessaries, that he could have procured for himself 
and his family if he had not so spent his money. 
Therefore, while drinking-shops flourish and increase, 
the business in every department of productive in- 
dustry must languish and decline. 

There is an English proverb which says : "A fool 
can make money ; but it requires a wise man to 
spend it." The people of our country, as well as 
almost every other country, like the fools in the pro- 
verb, can make money, but do not spend it like wise 
men. For we find, in 1870, that the wages paid for 
labor in all our manufacturing industries were $775,- 
584,343 ; and that in the same year there were spent 
not less than $619,425,110 for strong dririfcs. Was 
this money spent wisely % Our population in 1870 
was 38,558,371, and the value of some of our manu- 
factures was : * Textiles, $380,913,815 ; articles of 
wear, $398,264,118; boots and shoes, $181,644,090; 

• Soo Vol. III. of Cansu3 Report, 13ro~". Wealth and Industries:' 



74 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

cotton goods, $168,457,353 ; woollen goods, $151,- 
298,196. 

If all these commodities produced in 1870 were 
consumed in that year — which is very likely — or at 
least their value in like products, domestic or foreign ; 
if we add 25 per cent, to the values above given for 
profits and expenses before they reach the consumers, 
then for each man, woman, and child in the United 
States there were spent for our textiles — which in- 
cludes cotton goods, flax and linen goods, carpets, 
woollen goods, and worsted goods — $12 30, and 
for liquors about $16 06 ; and for each family of 
5.09 persons'" there were expended for textiles 
$62 60, and for strong drink $81 74. For articles 
of wear — including men's, women's, and children's 
clothing, boots, shoes, hats, caps, collars, cuffs, gloves, 
mittens, hoop-skirts, corsets, and hosiery — there were 
spent for each person $12 91, for liquors $16 06 ; for 
these articles of wear for each family were expended 
$65 71, and for liquors $81 74. There were expended 
for boots and shoes for each person in the United 
States $5 89 ; for liquors, $16 06 ; and for each 
family for boots and shoes, $29 9S ; for liquors, $81 74. 
For cotton goods of every description there were ex- 
pended for each person $5 46, and for ieach family 
$27 79. For woollen goods for each person, $3 23 ; 
and for each family, $16 44. While, as already seen, 
for liquor there were spent for each individual $16 06, 
and for each family $81 74. 

* The average of the families in United States is 5.C9 nersona. 



5E OF STRONG DKINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 75 

Is not this wasteful expenditure for a pernicious 
article clearly the cause of bad trade and business 
panics I It is very certain that our people cannot 
boar upwards of seven hundred million dollars an- 
nually down their throats in the shape of alcoholic 
drinks, and spend them also for clothing. " You can- 
not eat your cake and have it also," says the proverb. 
Nor can a man encourage productive industry who 
spends his money for drink ; for every cent left with 
the rum sellers is taken from the butcher, baker, shoe- 
maker, tailor, etc., and is lost to productive labor. 

The value of the food and food-preparations of 1870 
was 6600,385,571,* or 815 57 for each person, and $79 25 
for each family. Thus our people spend nearly as 
much for liquors as for foods ; for we have already 
seen that S$l 74 are spent by each family for liquor. 

It is always the effect of non-productive labor to 
waste capital, whilst productive creates capital. Ca- 
pital furnishes food, raiment, shelter, etc., for the 
laborer and his family, besides providing implements 
and machinery to aid in his labor, and the raw mate- 
rials for the articles he produces. Whatever aids to 
produce these necessaries, now or in the future, is 
capital. Without capital there can be no productive 
labor ; no combination or division of labor ; nor those 
implements of industry and machinery that enable us 
'to overcome the many obstacles which have stood and 
still stand in the way of genius and industry. 

It is also an indispensable prerequisite for the pro- 
motion of physical, intellectual, moral, and religious 
culture and progr< 

* Without the profits c£ dealers, etc. 



7b USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

It must be clear to every reflecting person that 
whatever causes an unproductive expenditure of 
capital will retard progress. This is eminently the 
case with money spent for liquors. 

Intoxicating drinks are not only unnecessary, but 
the money spent for them is so much capital taken 
from those branches of industry that add to the 
growth and the prosperity of the nation. 

The money spent for these drinks, if expended for 
useful articles, would afford increased employment 
for laborers in every department of life. If it were 
not for the drinking customs in our country, there 
would be no lack of work at remunerative wages for 
all our unemployed, and even those now engaged in 
the manufacture and sale of intoxicating drinks could 
be engaged in better and more honorable kinds of 
business. 

It is said that a man once applied for work to a 
Philadelphia millionaire, who, not having a situation 
for him just then, but liking his appearance and 
wishing to help him, set him at work to remove a pile 
of bricks ; the bricks being removed, and the gentle- 
man not yet having another job ready for him, 
ordered him to remove the bricks back again, to do 
which he flatly refused ; feeling, as a true man 
should feel under like circumstance, that he was not 
giving an equivalent for his wages ; that his work 
being of no earthly use to his employer or any one 
else, it made him a destroyer, and not a producer. 
His motives were appreciated by the gentleman, who 
soon found him more important and useful work. 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 77 

Most men would have discharged the man at once, 
and would have told him that, if he was willing to pay- 
wages for what was of no use, it was his own business. 
You may also say that as the gentleman was rich, and 
could aiford to pay for work that was of no use, the 
man ought to have removed the bricks and taken his 
wages ; for though nothing was produced, yet the 
world was none the poorer. Let us look at the prin- 
ciple here involved a little closer. Suppose the 
millionaire, as he could well afford it, had employed 
fifty men instead of one, at ten dollars a week, for 
removing bricks from one place to another, the 8500 
paid for the week's work was lost; no value being 
added to the bricks, they were worth no more on 
Saturday night than they were on Monda}" morning, 
although §500 had been paid for labor upon them. Is 
the world no poorer % It may be said the money only 
changed hands. True ; the money changed hands, 
and perhaps the men spent all or nearly all their 
wages for food and clothing for themselves and their 
families. But what has become of the food and 
clothing and the other materials that were worn out 
during this week of non-productive labor? Food, 
clothing, etc., were consumed, and nothing produced. 
Thus the world was certainly $500 the poorer for the 
week's unproductive labor. But if these fifty men 
had been employed to build a house with the bricks, 
there would have been a house in return for the 
money ; and though the world would have been $500 
poorer in food, clothing, etc., yet it would have been 
the richer bv a house. 



78 



USE OE STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 



Though this is an extreme case— for men do not 
generally pay wages for work that will not be of use 
to them— yet men very often spend their money for 
what is not any more productive, but much more 
injurious, to themselves and society. In the produc- 
tion of malt liquors and all other intoxicating drinks 
the real sources of wealth, land, and labor are em- 
ployed unproductively. 

MAKING AND SELLING INTOXICATING DRINKS IS UN- 
PRODUCTIVE LABOR. 

The labor devoted to brewing, distilling, and the 
selling of liquors is unproductive labor ; for while the 
liquors do not benefit those who consume them, yet 
the necessary and useful products of labor are con- 
sumed, or rather destroyed, in the process of making 
them. What a man consumes to keep up his health, 
strength, and capacity for labor at some beneficial 
employment is productive consumption ; but when 
money is expended for intoxicating liquors, whether 
by the idle or industrious, it is unproductive con- 
sumption in the highest sense of the term. Intoxicat- 
ing drinks neither preserve health, give strength, 
prolong life, nor in any way aid the consumer to per- 
form labor; but they injure health, unfit for pro- 
ductive employment, and will ultimately shorten life. 
And not only are the millions of dollars wasted that 
are expended for intoxicating drinks, but the value 
of the products used, and the labor expended in their 
manufacture and sale, are lost to society. To these 
losses must be added the loss of the products of in- 



USE OE STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 79 

dustiy consumed by those and their families who are 
engaged in either the manufacture or the sale of 
intoxicating drinks ; for all are unproductive laborers. 
If those engaged in the liquor- trade are non-pro- 
ducers, and as they are necessarily consumers, it 
follows that such persons are really no better than 
paupers — ay, worse than paupers. Their business 
is not only unproductive, but it retards and pre- 
vents productive laborers from pursuing their useful 
occupations, thus inflicting society with a threefold 
loss. 

THE USE OF LIQUOR, ETC., CAUSES UNPRODUCTIVE 
CONSUMPTION. 

It would be absurd to make laws merely to find 
employment for lawyers, or to spread disease to give 
practice to doctors ; and it would be equally absurd 
for the Government to encourage the liquor-traffic 
merely to find business for some thousands of liquor- 
makers and liquor- sellers, to consume the fruits of 
the industry of others. The man that lives upon the 
products of another's industry does not create any 
beneficial demand for those products ; he is merely a 
destroyer. 

The manufacturers and distributers of alcoholic 
drinks do not create a healthy demand for the pro- 
ducts used in the manufacture of the drinks, nor for 
those consumed by themselves, their families, or 
employees. The consumption is unproductive, be- 
cause the strength derived from the food consumed is 
not used in producing other beneficial things. The 



80 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

blacksmith consumes perhaps as much as the liquor- 
seller ; but the smith returns value in horseshoes and 
other useful iron-work, while the drink-seller adds 
nothing to the common weal, but really abstracts by 
rendering his customers less able and less willing 
for useful labors. 

You may say the money spent remains in the 
country and forms a part of the general wealth. 
True ; it remains in the country. But what are the 
general effects of its expenditure % If a member of a 
family should appropriate to himself the income of 
the family, and then say to the other members, 
"What does it matter? it's all in the family," it is 
very clear that it would not be of much advantage or 
consolation to those deprived of their right to a 
share. 

All the products of a nation will be consumed 
sooner or later, and are produced to be consumed ; 
and their value is inert until ready for consumption ; 
and money spent for one article will necessarily pre- 
clude the same money being expended for another of 
equal value. It is less important to gratify artificial 
wants than those of first necessity ; it is, therefore, 
more important that our people should spend their 
revenues for what is of utility than for intoxicating 
drinks, which, as already said, are not only useless, 
but unfit the consumers for productive labor. We are 
told by the Brewers' Congress, in a resolution, that 
they, "from the amount of capital invested in their 
business, from the labor they employ, and from a. 
large proportion of an article of necessary and general 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. SI 

consumption of what they produce, and more particu- 
larly from the steadily-increasing progress made by 
their trade, as conclusively shown by the Internal Re- 
venue returns and other statistics gathered from most 
trustworthy sources, presented to this Congress, do 
represent a very important branch of manufacture, 
and are entitled to demand from the National Govern- 
ment, and also from the various State legislatures, pro- 
per recognition and protection" ! Thus it is plainly 
claimed by the brewers, as by others engaged in the 
liquor business and those favorable to its existence, 
that the liquor- traffic is beneficial, because it employs 
a large number of persons and causes a large amount 
of capital to be invested. 

Though all wealth is the result of labor, yet a great 
amount of labor is often expended that does not in- 
crease the wealth of the nation, but destroys it. The 
latter is eminently the case with labor employed in 
manufacturing and selling intoxicating drinks. That 
the truth may be clearly seen, we will carefully ex- 
amine and compare statistics on both sides cf the ques- 
tion. To confine ourselves more closely to tie subject, 
we will take Pennsylvania to represent the United 
States. 

DOES THE LIQUOK-TEAFFIC CEEATE A DEMAND FOR 
LABOR ? 

We have no official report of the actual first cost of 
intoxicating liquor in Pennsylvania or any other State, 
and can only approximate such cost by taking the 
general average based upon the sales of licensed 



82 USE OF STH0XG DKIXKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

liquor-dealers, which we have estimated at $5,000 
each per annum. The indirect and consequential cost 
of liquors, probably fully equal to the direct cost, is 
excluded. Assuming this average, then, the 15,745 
licensed retail liquor-dealers of Pennsylvania returned 
by the Revenue Department report of 1872 sold in 
that year liquors costing the consumers $78,725,000. 

This sum is certainly not more than was sold when 
we consider the great number of unlicensed liquor 
places in the State, and especially in Philadelphia, 
where there are (as the writer was informed by a mem- 
ber of the Liquor-Dealers' Protective Association of 
Philadelphia) mors than 4,000 places where liquor is 
sold without license. This estimate of $78,725,000 is 
nearly the value of all the woollen goods,* $27,361,897; 
cotton goods,* $17,565,028 ; boots and shoes,f $16,- 
864,310; furniture and house-fixtures, J $9,389,503; 
and all the worsted goods, § $7,883,038, that were 
returned by the Census of 1870, as manufactured in 
the State. 

The drink-bill of Pennsylvania is only about twelve 
million dollars less than the value of all the food and 
food-preparations, || $66,564,919 ; and the manufacture 
of clothing,! $23,363,156, produced in the State in 
1870. If the liquor-traffic did not exist, these $78,- 
725,000 would mostly be expended by our people for 
the comforts and necessaries of life, which would not 



* Census Report 1870, Vol. III., p. 489. + Ibid., p. 503. 

X Ibid., p. 437. § Ibid., p. 633. 

il See Census Report, Vol. III., " Wealth and Industries," for 1870, p. 436. 

% Ibid., p. 563. 



USE OF STKOXG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 83 

only increase tlieir happiness end virtue, but would 
in a high degree promote the general prosperity of 
the State and nation. Let us suppose that our people 
stop the use of liquor for one year. Now let one-fifth 
of this drink-bill be deposited in our banks as a 
reserve fund, and $50,000,000 expended for necessa- 
ries and luxuries, as follows : 

1. Let one-sixth of the $50,000,000, or $8,333,333^, 
be spent for farm and market-garden products, such 
as wheat, corn, beef, mutton, poultry, eggs, butter, 
fruits, and vegetables, which would give our farmers 
and gardeners twice the profit that they now receive 
for the fruits and grain manufactured into strong 
drinks. 

2. Let one-tenth, or $5,000,000, be expended in the 
building of houses. This sum would provide for our 
working-men 3,571 homes of the value of $1,400 each. 
To build these houses would give employment to 
2,000 persons, and pay them* $1,000,000 for wages, 
$2,600,000 for building materials, and pay a good 
interest on $1,400,000 of capital, besides vastly im- 
proving the home enjoyments of our people. To 
prepare the $2,600,000 worth of building materials 
would give employment to thousands of laborers, as 
lumber-men, sawyers, etc., etc. 

3. Let another one-tenth, or $5,000,000, be expended 
for cotton goods, which would increase the demand 
for raw cotton, etc., start the mills now stopped, or 
cause new ones to be erected, or change the distilleries 

* See Census Iteport, VoL III.. uDder specific manufactures, on which the 
above estimates r.re based. 



84 USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 

and 'breweries into factories to supply the increased 
demand for cotton goods. It would give employment 
to 4,000 factory operatives, pay $1,100,000 for wages, 
more than $3,000,000 for raw materials, and give a 
good investment of $3,000,000 in factories, etc. 

4. Let another one-tenth, or §5,000,000, be spent 
for woollen goods, which, besides creating a demand 
for wool, the produce of our own and foreign coun- 
tries, would give employment to 2,500 factory 
operatives and others, pay for wages $800,000 and 
$3,400,000 for raw materials, and give good invest- 
ment to nearly $2,500,000 capital. 

5. Let another one- tenth be expended for worsted 
goods, which would give employment to 2,500 hands, 
pay $850, 000 for wages and more than $3, 000, 000 for raw 
materials, and give investment to $2,000,000 capital. 

6. Let another one-tenth be invested in furniture 
and house-fixtures, which would give employment to 
3,500 persons, pay for wages about $1,500,000, pay 
for materials $2,000,000, and give an investment to 
$3,000,000 capital. 

7. Let one -sixth, or $8,333,333^, be invested in 
clothing, and it would give employment to 6,500 per- 
sons, pay for wages $1,660,000, and for raw materials 
pay $4,000,000, and give a good investment to $3,- 
600,000. 

8. Let another sixth, or $8,333,333^, be spent for 
boots and shoes, and it will give employment to 
7,650 persons, pay for wages $2,800,000, pay for 
materials $3,500,000, and give investment to $3,250,000 
of capital. 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 



85 



111 addition to the above advantages to be derived 
by our people from expending their money for useful 
articles and comforts, instead of intoxicating drinks, 
it will give $12,980,000 for profits and expenses upon 
the commodities above named after leaving the place 
of manufacture, and until they reach the consumers. 

TABLE IX. 

Shoius the number of persons that could be employed, the wages paid, 
value of materials used, the capital invested, etc., by expending 
but little more than half of ivhat is paid for intoxicating drinks in 
Pennsylvania.- 



ITame. 


No. Per-' m 
sons em- 1 Wages 


Cost of 


Capital 


Total Cash 




ployed, i Paid. 


Materials. 


Invested. 


Expended. 




1 Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Farm products, . 









8,333,333* 


Building houses, . 


2,000 1,000,000 


2,600,000 


1,400,000 


5,000,000 


Cotton goods, 


4,000 1,100,000 3,000,000 


3,000,000 


5,000,000 


Woollen goods, . 


2,500, 800,000 3,400,000 


2,500,000 


5,000,000 


Worsted goods, . 


2,500| 850,000 3,000,000 


2,000,000 


5,000,000 


Furniture, etc., . 


3,500 1,500,000 2,000,000 


3,000,000 


5,000,000 


Clothing, 


6,500 1,660,0001 4,000,000 


3,600,000 


8,333,333^ 


Boots and Shoes, . 


7,650 2,800,000 3,500,000 


3,250,000 


8,333,333^ 


Total rnanuf 's, 
Total, . . 


28, 650 ( 9,710,000 21,500,000 


18,750,000 


41,666,666| 


1 






50,000,000 



By this table it will be seen that by expending for 
useful and necessary articles of our manufactures 
only $41,666,666%, or little more than one-half of 
what is spent by the consumer annually for liquors 
in Pennsylvania, it would give employment to 28,650 
hands, pay $0,710,000 in wages, use $21,500,000 worth 
of raw materials, and find an investment for 818,750,- 
000 of capital in the manufacture of the articles named, 
which would certainly increase the happiness, comfort, 

* These estimates aro based en the Census returns, and are all less than the 
trua amount. 



SO 



USE OF STRONG MINKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 



and prosperity of our people, and promote beyond all 
calculation the general wealth, power, and influence 
of the State. But it may be said : " The money that 
is expended for liquors also employs labor, causes the 
use of materials and the investment of capital." All 
of which is readily granted. In answer, we have this 
to say : that the more ]abor employed and the more 
capital invested in the liquor business, the worse is 
the case of the liquor-men ; for it is certainly so much 
labor and capital wasted. But we believe it can be 
clearly shown that the capital invested in the liquor 
business employs the smallest amount of labor and 
confers the least benefit on the nation. 

Among the manufactures of Pennsylvania, as given 
in the Census returns of 1870, are the following : 

TABLE X. 

Showing the Liquors Manufactured in Pennsylvania in 1S70. 



Kind of Liquors. 


Hands 

em- 
ployed. 


Wages 
paid. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Capital 
invested. 


Value of the 
Liquors. 


f*Distilled liquors, . 
j*Fermented liquors, 
^Vinous liquors, 

Totals, 


512 

1,583 

15 


Dollars. 
215,837 

773,267 
4,250 


Dollars. 
1,950,077 
3,553,986 
7,960 


Dollars. 
2,504,857 
6,966,236 
100,160 


Dollars. 
4,618,228 
7,056,400 
17,900 


2,110 


993,354 


5,512,023 


9,571,253 


11,692,528 



From the Census returns of 1870, the whole of the 
liquors that were manufactured that year employed 
2,110 hands ; paid for wages, $993,354 ; used $5,512,023 
worth of materials ; there was invested $9,571,253 ; the 
value of liquors was $11,692,528 at the place of manu- 
facture. 

* Census Report, Vol. Ill , p. 451. 



USE OF STKOXG DlttXKS CAUSES BAD TRADE. 87 

Let us now compare the totals of Table IX. and the 
totals of Table X., and see how the question stands : 



Kind. 


Pe em°- nS| TVa ^ es Cost of Capital 
ployed. paid - : matciials - invested. 


Totals of Table IX. of useful 
articles, .... 

Totals of Table X. of li- 
quors, . 

The difference, 


28,650 

2,110 


Dollars. 
9,710,000 
993,354 


Dollars. , Dollars. 

21,500,000 18,750,000 
5,512,023 9,571,253 


20,540 


8,716,646 15,987,977 


9,178,747 



By the difference of totals we find that the money, 
if spent for useful articles, would employ 26,540 more 
hands ; pay $8,716,646 more for wages ; pay $15,987,- 
977 more for materials ; and invest $9,178,747 more 
capital to produce $41,666,666% worth of useful, and 
necessary articles, than it would to produce $11,692,- 
52 S worth of liquors at the places of manufacture. 

It may be objected that there is a difference in the 
value of the products at the place of manufacture, 
and that a difference in amount of capital, labor, etc., 
should be expected, and that to form a just com- 
parison the value of products should be nearly 
the same. What we have mainly to do with is 
the cost to the consumers. Let us, then, endeavor to 
ascertain the cost of the two classes of commodities 
to the consumers, and then their relative effects on 
labor, capital, etc. 

In 1S70, by the Internal Revenue Report, there were 
manufactured in Pennsylvania spirits and malt 
liquors as follows : 






Distilled liquors of all kinds, o,351,S28 gals., worth at retail £6 a gal., 0-32,171,523 
Fermented liquors, . . 783,03-1 barrels, " " $24 abbl., 18,912,816 



Total cost at retail to consumers, §51,C84,336 

This $51,084,336 is certainly less than the cost of 
liquors in Pennsylvania ; for our people as a rule are 
not more sober nor drink less than the average of the 
people in the other States of the Union. The people 
of Pennsylvania pay about 6 per cent, of the revenue 
collected on the spirits manufactured in the United 
States, and about 12 per cent, of the revenue on malt 
liquors. Unless our people drink less than their share 
of the liquors produced and consumed in the country, 
more liquors are consumed in Pennsylvania than are 
annually manufactured in the State. 

If to the money expended for building houses and 
for the. purchase of cotton goods, woollen goods, 
worsted goods, furniture, clothing, boots and shoes, 
as given in Table IX., we add 25 per cent, on the 
money so expended for profits, expenses, etc., from 
the place of manufacture until they reach the con- 
sumers, then the cost to consumers of these articles 
of first necessity will be §52,083,332, while intoxicating 
drinks, as we have seen, cost §51,084,336, or only §998- 
996 less than the cost of the 3,571 houses and ail the 
manufactures specified in the table, which, as before 
said, would give employment to 26,540 more hands ; 
pay $8,710,646 more for wages : pay §15,987,977 more 
for materials ; and invest §9,178,747 more capital to 
produce them than to produce the intoxicating drinks. 
iYow, if it is good political economy for a people to 
encourage that which will cause the greatest amount 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS CAUSES BAD TEADE. SO 

of labor and employ the most capital, without any 
regard to the results or the products of the labor 
and capital employed, it is certainly good political 
economy for our people to discourage the expenditure 
of money for liquor. 

But when we consider the utility of houses, cotton 
goods, woollen goods, etc., etc., with the injurious 
effects produced by intoxicating drinks, every argu- 
ment in favor of the use and the traffic in strong drinks 
becomes drivelling, if not devilish. 

Is it not clear, then, that the liquor-traffic causes 
bad trade, employs the least amount of labor for the 
money spent, to say nothing of its inutility % 

We will show, as clear as facts and figures can 
show, in the next chapter, that the drinking system is 
not only injurious to trade and commerce, but to all 
useful labor. 






CHAPTER VII. 

THE USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 

The drink-bill of the United States, as we have 
shown, for the four years of 1869-70-71 and '72, 
is $2,729,186,709, or an average of nearly $700,- 
000,000 a year, which is a less sum than the average 
for the years since 1872. Experience and observation 
have fully demonstrated that when men cease to use 
intoxicating beverages they invariably devote a very 
large portion of the money formerly spent for drinks 
to the purchase of useful articles for themselves and 
families. It is therefore very reasonable to conclude 
that if the liquor-traffic was swept from our country, 
not less than three-fourths of the money now 
spent for liquors would be devoted to the purchase 
of useful articles. 

Let us suppose that our people, instead of spending 

for drinks $700,000,000 annually, applied that sum to 

the purchase of the following, being one-half of the 

articles named produced in the United States, as 

given in the Census of 1870, viz. : 

9 o 






USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 91 



I. Div.* " For food and food-preparations," . . $300,182,785 

HI. Div.f " Cotton goods," 84,228,076 

III. Div. % " Woollen goods," 75,649,093 

IV. Div.§ " Boots and shoes," 90,822,045 

V. Div. || " Furniture and house-fixtures," . . 37,769,859 

Total, $588,652,403 

Which will leave for expenses, profits of retailers, 

etc., 111,347,537 

The total being less than the direct annual cost of 

liquors, $700,000,000 

Let us see what necessaries or useful articles these 
seven hundred million dollars would purchase in the 
place of the 272,530,105 gallons of poisonous liquids 
now annually consumed. 

I.- Div. — For the first item of the above general 
division, viz., §300,182,785, devoted to the purchase 
of "food and food-preparations," let us specify what 
could be purchased by a proper expenditure of this 
portion of our drink-waste. 

1. We could purchase 16,039,572 *[ barrels of wheat- 
flour, 222,125 barrels of rye-flour, 15,596,981 bushels 
of corn-meal, 202,230 cwt. of buckwheat flour, 280,375 
bushels of hominy, and 14,703,732 cwt. of cattle-feed. 

2.** These grist-mill products would require to 
manufacture them, as we learn from our last Census 
Report, 11,286 mills, of the average capacity of grist- 
mills in the United States, give employment to 29,224 
persons, and pay $7,288,766 for wages. 

* Vol. III. Census Report, 1870, p. 435. 

t Ibid., p. 430. % Ibid., p. 489. § Ibid., p. 416. || Ibid., p. 437. 

T The quantities of the articles above named are proportional quantities of 
the same as given in Vol. III. (Wealth and Industrie?), NinthCensus of the United 
States, 1870. The figures are actual results as furnished by the official tables, 
exoept in a few instances, when explanations and reasons are given. In nany, 
if not in most, figures of quantities, those given aro less than the official 
data would warrant. 

** Vol. III. Census Report, 1870, pp. 5C8, 599. 



92 USE OF STRONG D KINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 

3.* The following farm-products or raw materials 
would be used in the above mill manufactures, viz. : 
183,274,484 bushels of wheat, 20,498,226 bushels Indian 
corn, 9,802,488 bushels of oats, 1,110,625 bushels of 
rye, 444,461 bushels of buckwheat. The value of the 
grain used would be $181,157,263, and the value of 
the flour and other grist-mill products $222,492,571. 

4.f And to prepare these products for family use 
would require 1,775 bakeries, of the average capaci ty, 
give employment to 7,063 persons, and pay them for 
wages $2,676,592. 

It is evident that such an increase of bread and 
breadstuff's would not only benefit the farmers, grist- 
millers, flour-merchants, bakers, etc., but every other 
useful trade in the country, and also increase the 
general health. The history of all nations has fully 
established the fact that, when bread and breadstuff s 
are plentiful and the people well supplied, the gene- 
ral health is good and mortality lessened. While this 
increased consumption of bread and breadstuffs would 
benefit our millers, bakers, merchants, etc., the 
augmented demand for the products of our farmers 
would enable them to improve their farms and in- 
crease their crops and the wealth of the nation. 

The benefits of total abstinence from alcoholics, and 
the non-existence of the traffic in them, would further 
encourage our agriculturists : 1. by increasing the de- 
mand for cattle for ^ slaughter to the value of about 
$5,000,000 annually, which would employ 941 persons 

* Vol. III. Census Report, 1870, pp. 593, ES9. 
t Ibid., p. 418. % Ibid., p. 422. 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 93 

as butchers, pay $273,173 for wages, and cause an 
increase of the sales of meats to value of not less than 
$5,519,964 ; and thus, while it supplied an abundance 
of wholesome food, would increase the general busi- 
ness of the country. 

5. It would also give to our * farmers and graziers 
$775,000 for animal food-preparations, $1,265,776 for 
beef and pork cured and packed, $762,000 for beef 
packed, $28,000,000 for pork packed, and $1,500,000 
for market-garden and orchard products canned and 
preserved. 

6.f Besides the benefits that would flow from the 
increased demand for the above products of our agri- 
culturists, the preparation of these products for 
market would employ 249 persons in preparing cured 
and packed meats, and pay $86,590 for wages ; to 
pack beef, 217 persons, and pay $55,797 for wages ; to 
pack pork, 2,775 persons, and pay for wages $861,163 : 
and to can and preserve fruits and vegetables, would 
employ during the season 2,934 persons, and pay 
$385,821 for wages. 

7. J There would be dairy products, consisting of 
52,233,202 gallons of milk, worth $7,040,142, made 
into 54,767,614 lbs. of cheese, worth $8,355,284, and 
$30,548 worth of other products. Total value of 
products of cheese-factories was $8,385,832, which 
would employ 2,303 persons, and pay for wages 
$353,283. 

84 Nor do the advantages of abstaining from in- 

* Sec Vol. III. undor articles named. t Ibid., p. 4CG. $ Ibid., p. 427. 



94 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 

toxicating drinks end here ; for in the preparation of 
coffee, spices, etc., there would be employed 610 per- 
sons ; pay them for wages $335,491, pay for materials 
$i,0S5,918, producing coffee, spices, etc., for market 
'worth $5,633,211. 

9.* For fish cured and packed there would be em- 
ployed 427 persons ; pay them for wages $90,552, pay 
for materials $420, 602, and the products, when ready 
for market, would be worth $796,295. 

10. Fish and oysters canned employ 793 persons ; 
pay for wages $133,204, use materials worth $470,151, 
the value of products $735,650. 

11.* Food-preparations of vegetables employ 279 
persons ; pay for wages $88,531, use $373,449 worth of 
materials, the products worth $593,101. 

12.* The preparation of ground mustard, preserves 
and sauces, vermicelli, and macaroni, and chocolate 
employs 334 persons ; pays $126,156, uses materials 
worth $876,045, and the value of the products is 
$1,301,837. 

There cannot be the least doubt but that the de- 
mand for the above-named food and food-preparations, 
or products equivalent to them, would be increased 
in about the proportion estimated, if our people 
^would abstain entirely from intoxicating drinks for 
one year. 

This increase of business, with its general and 
special beneficial results, would not end with those 
named ; for the increase of one branch of productive 

* See report of articles named, Vol. III. 



USE OF STEONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 95 



industry will increase others, whether directly con- 
nected with it or not. 

There is a reciprocal connection between all product- 
ive industries, except when articles of like use are sub- 
stituted one for another, as cotton goods for woollens, 
etc., etc. But between the products of labor given 
above and intoxicating drinks there is for ever an 
antagonism. The use of these drinks is at war with 
all the productive industries and the labor interests 
of the nation. 

TABLE XI. 
Shoivs by expending $300,182,785 for food mid food-preparations 

liow many industries icill be promoted, the member of persons 

employed, ivages paid, value of materials used, and value of 

each product. 





Estab- 


Pers'ns 


VVases ' Value of ma- 


V alue of 


INDUSTRIES. 


lishing. 


ployed. 


paid, j terials used. 


products. 








Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Dollars. 


Flour and grist mill 












products,* . 


11,280 29,224 


7,288,766 


183,696,061 


222,492,571 


Bread, cracker, and 












bakery products, 


1.775 


7,063 


2,676,592 


11,105,928 


18,453,852 


Butchering, . 


254 


940 


273,173 5,519,964 


6,843,030 


Coffee, spices, roast'd, etc. 


78 


610 


335,4911 4,085,918 


5,633,211 


Fish, cured and packed. 


37 


427 


90,552| 420,602 


796.295 


Fish and oysters, can'd. 


8 


793 


133,204 470,151 


735,650 


Food preparat'n, anim'l. 


42 


291 


138,218 774,240 


1.164,395 


" vegetable, 


1G 


279 


88,531 


373,449 


593,101 


Fruits and vegetables, 












canned and preserv'd, 


48 


2,934 


385,821 


1,547,423 


2,712,838 


Meat, cur'd and pack'd, 


8 


249 


86,590 


1,265,776 


1,880,401 


Packed meat, beef, 


18 


• 217 


55,797 


762.340 


975,153 


Pork, packed, 


103 


2,775 


861,163 


23,28^932 


28,214,665 


1 Ground mustard, . 


7 


47 


21,543 


99,417 


153,504! 


Preserves, sauces, etc., 


15 


167 


56,713 


422,385 


621,418 


Cheese, 


656 


2,303 


353,283 


7,044,642 


8,385,832 


Vermicelli and macar'i, 


3 


18 


8,5501 21,669 


53,736 


: Chocolate, . 


4 


99 


39,350 332,574 


473,129 


Totals, f . 


14,358 


48,436 


12,893,337^41,231,471 


300,182,781 



Cji eus Pep rt, VU. IT., pp. 331, 393, 396, 32 



t Ibid, p. 435, each one-half. 



96 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 

By the foregoing table we see that our people, by 
abstaining from alcoholic liquors, and by spending 
less than one-half of their annual cost, $300,182,781, 
for food and its preparations, would need 14,358 addi- 
tional food-preparing establishments, employ 48,436 
persons to carry on these manufactories, pay them 
for wages $12,893,337, and cause a demand for $241,- 
231,471 worth of raw materials. There is no exag- 
geration in these figures, nor are they made for the 
purpose, but are proportional estimates from the 
Census Report of 1870, with all the fractions thrown 
out of the computation. Considering the thousands 
of our people who are under-fed or in an actual starv- 
ing condition, we cannot doubt but that this sum of 
money would be spent for food, if not expended for 
drink. Our farmers would receive for grain alone 
used for these food-preparations $181,157,263, which 
is '$131,056,975 more than the value of all the ma- 
terials used in the manufacture of liquors in 1870 ; for 
the Census returns give $49,100,288 * as the value of 
the materials made into liquors. 



THE BENEFIT OF MONEY SPENT FOR MANUFACTURES. 

Having seen some of the benefits that would result 
from spending a portion of our national drink-bill, 
viz., $300,182,785, for "food and food-preparations," 
we will endeavor to point out the advantages to be 
derived from spending the other portions for some 
other of our manufactures. 

II. Biv. — Let us see what would be received by 



ITSE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 97 

spending §84,228,676 for " cotton goods," and not 
for intoxicating drinks. 

1." We should receive 239,102,256 yards shirtings, 
sheetings, and twilled goods, 17,266,731 yards of 
lawns and fine muslins, 244,625,026 yards of printed 
cloths, 15,150,543 lbs. yarn not woven, 5,780,121 
dozen spools thread, 5,559,063 lbs. of bats, wicking, 
and wadding, 36,509,022 yards of warps, 246,946 
table-cloths, quilts, counterpanes, 1,383,530 seamless 
bags, 2,528,727 lbs. of cordage, lines, and twines, 
4,195,025 yards of flannel, 453,034 lbs. thread, 19,- 
637,622 yards ginghams and checks, 6,970,447 yards 
of cassimeres, cottonades, jeans, etc., and several 
million pounds of other cotton fabrics. 

2.* In the production of these cotton goods there 
would be consumed or used 199,154,128 lbs. of raw 
cotton, 3,111,094 lbs. cotton yarn, 68,050 lbs. cotton 
warp, and 2,617,130 lbs. cotton waste ; the cost of 
mill-spindles $5,455,336, and all materials $55,868,468. 

3. To produce these cotton goods would require 478 
factories of the average capacity of the United States 
establishments, employ 67,684 operatives, and pay 
them $19,522,066. 

4. The benefits do not consist alone of those already 
named ; for it must be remembered that the nearly 
two hundred million pounds of raw cotton are the 
products of our agriculturists of the Southern 
States ; besides, the other materials used in the manu- 
facture of these cotton goods are the products of our 

* Con&us Report, Vol. IIL, rr- 5 ™, 697 



98 USE OP STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 

people's industry, not included in the above numera- 
tion. 

III. Div/*— Then, again, let us suppose that we in- 
vest another portion of the drink-bill, say $77,702,679, 
in " woollen goods, "what would be the result of this 
investment ? 

1. To minister to health, comfort, and enjoyment, 
there would be received 1,000,219 pairs of blankets, 
130,604 yards beavers, 31,670,306 yards cloth, cassi- 
meres, and doeskins, 970,932 yards felted cloth, 
966,191 yards of negro cloth, 37,500 yards cottonades, 
113,372 coverlids, 29,482,643 yards flannels, 37,50( 
yards of frockings, 12,244,992 yards jeans, 2,753,451 
yards kerseys, 7,065,137 yards linseys, 1,331,883 yards 
repellants, 7,036,279 yards satinets, 140,000 yards 
Balmoral skirts, 1,426,729 yards tweeds and twills, 
61,000 lbs. of warp, 7,078,118 lbs. of yarn, 111,500 lbs. 
of hosiery yarn, 784,500 pounds of shoddy yarn, 
10,730 dozens of hosiery, 4,341,534 lbs. of rolls, and 
for men and horses 29,276 blankets. 

Would not these products of our woollen factories 
be a good exchange for the millions of gallons of the 
poisonous decoctions made in the breweries and dis- 
tilleries ? 

2. The benefits do not end with the consumers of 
these goods, but their results will extend to the pro- 
ducers. For to manufacture these goods would re- 
quire 1,445 factories, the average size of the factories 
in the United States ; to drive the necessary ma- 
chinery, it would take at least 525 steam-engines and 

* Ibid., pp. 630, 682. 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION* 99 

1,046 water- wheels of the aggregate power of 47,610 
horse-power; of machinery, it would need 4,183 sets 
of cards, capable of carding daily 428,696 lbs. of wool, 
7,019 broad looms, 10,072 narrow looms, and 922,748 
spindles ; and besides giving work to men to make the 
machinery, it would give employment to 40,026 per- 
sons, and pay them for wages $13,438,787. 

3. Xor would the results end here ; for in the manu- 
facture of these goods there would be used 9,686,031 
lbs. of shoddy, 656,280 lbs. of warp cotton, 77,383,547 
lbs. of domestic wool, 8,655,912 lbs. of foreign wool, 
1,631,974 lbs. cotton yarn, 1,286,759 lbs. woollen yarn, 
82.916,673 worth of chemicals and dyestuffs, and 
82,835,125 worth of other materials.- The total value 
of the materials to produce these goods is 848,216,300. 

IV. Div.* — In addition to what has already been 
enumerated, total abstinence would allow our people 
to expend $90,822,045 for boots and shoes. 

1. For which we should receive 7,159,264 pairs of 
boots, worth $25,115,735 ; and 33,154,357 pairs of shoes, 
valued at $46,923,103, and other articles worth $1,- 
305,589. 

2. There would be used in making them 2,466,201 
sides of sole leather, 3,807,356 sides of uppers, and 
6,892,721 lbs. of other leather. To make them would 
require 67,944 hands, and pay them for wages $25,- 
9S6,35G, and use materials worth $46,791,264. 

3.f To produce the shoe-findings would require 135 
establishments, employ 1,386 hands, paying for 
wages $396,478. 

* Ibid , p. 501. t Ibid., pp. 415, 416. 



100 USE OF STKONG DEENKS PEEVENTS PEODUCTION. 

4.* To tan, curry, and prepare the leather would 
need 3,784 establishments, and employ 17,621 persons, 
and pay $7,252,887 for wages. 

Y. Div. — There could also be expended for all 
kinds of house-fixtures and furniture (except stoves 
and hollow- ware) $37,769,859. 

l.f To produce which would need 3,156 establish- 
ments, employ 28,545 persons, and pay for wages 
$11,652,478, and for materials $14,258,272. 

2. In addition to the hands employed in making 
these house-fixtures and furniture, employment would 
be given to thousands of other persons, as lumber- 
men, sawyers, etc. This expenditure, no one w T ill 
deny, would materially add to the comforts and the 
enjoyments of our people. It would not only make 
the homes of our laboring classes more pleasant and 
desirable, but would cultivate a greater love for home 
and home enjoyments. This would tend to form 
better habits among our rising generation, to develop 
moral and religious sentiments, and to form a superior 
class of citizens for the future of our country, which 
would redound to the happiness and prosperity of 
our people, and to the honor and glory of our nation. 

By the totals of Table XII. it is seen that by 
expending $288,469,678 for cottons, woollens, boots 
and shoes, furniture, etc., instead of intoxicating 
drinks, there would be required 20,712 additional 
manufacturing establishments, employ 223,206 hands 
to run them, pay for wages $78,249,052, and for ma- 
terials $165,134,304. 

* Ibid., p. 449. t Ibid., p. 437. 



USE OF STRONG DlilNKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 101 



TABLE XII. 

Exhibits the number of additional establishments that tvould be 
required, the hands employed, the tvages paid, the value of ma- 
terial used, and the value of the products, if $288,496,678 were 
expended for the articles named. 



Manufactures. 



n 



.a >> 



Wages 
paid. 



Value of the 
materials. 



Value of 
products. 



67,684 

40,026 

67,944 

1,386 

17,621 

28,545 



Cotton goods, . . . 478 
Woollen goods, . . . I 1,445 
<^ . 1 Boots and shoes, . 11,714 
w S ! Shoe-findings, . .1 135! 
o 2 [Tanning. Currying ) Q n?<ZA' 
f§*j Leather, . *\\ 3 > 784 
Fur'ture and h'use-fixtur's, 3,156 

Total of manufactures, . 20,712 223^206 78,249,052 165,134,304 295,039,452 

'III i ! 



Dollars. 

19,522,066' 

13,438,787. 

25,986,356 

396,478 

7,252,887 

11,652,478' 



Dollars. i Dollars. 
55,868,463 88,744,869 
48,216,300, 77,702,679 



46,791,264 90,S22,045 
14, 258, 272 ' 37,769,8~9 



TABLE XIII. 

Exhibits the totals of Table XI. and Table XII., and the aggregate 

of the totals. 





ii 

Is 


Hands 
employed. 


Amount of 
wages paid. 


Value of ma- 
terials used. 


Value of the 
products. 


Totl's of Table XI., food 
and food-prep'r'tions, 

Totals of Table XII., of 
manufactures, . 


14,358 
20,712 


1 

Dollars. 

48,435 | 12,893,337 

223,206 7S,249,052 


Dollars. 
241,231,471 
165,134,304 


Dollars. 
300,182,781 
295,039,452 


Aggregate, . 


35,070 


271,642 91,142,389! 406,365,775 

1 


595,222,233 



Tims our people, by expending 8700,000,000, our 
average annual drink-bill, for the productions given 
on Tables XL and XII., would keep running 35,070 
establishments, employ 271,642 persons, pay for wages 
$91,142,389, and cause a demand for $400,305,775 
worth of raw materials, and leave $104,777,767 for 
profits and expenses upon the commodities after leav- 



102 USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 

ing the place of production and until they reacli the 
consumers. 

Will any person who is able to reflect or to dis- 
tinguish between a benefit and an inj ury maintain that 
the nation would not be benefited beyond all calcula- 
tion by the prohibition of a traffic which prevents so 
much productive labor and wastes so much of our 
nation's wealth for that which is not only useless but 
positively injurious to the consumers individually 
and to our people collectively ? 

It is clear, in view of what has been already said 
and the facts and figures presented, that the govern- 
ment which acts so absurdly and irrationally as to 
license the sale of intoxicating drinks violates sound 
principles of political economy. The traffic in, and 
use of, these drinks not only prevents productive 
labor and wastes the capital expended for them, but 
the grain, fruits, and other materials used in their 
manufacture is lost ; and all the people of the nation, 
whether they drink the liquors or not, have to make 
up or suffer the loss, and they who drink the liquors 
not only lose all the capital they expend for them, 
but have to bear their share also of the general loss. 

No one derives benefit from the liquor ; the con- 
sumer, from its effects, suffers a loss of physical and 
mental power, and he would have been the gainer in 
health and power if he had cast his money into the 
fire ere he spent it for the drink. 

There is not a shadow of doubt but that more than 
seven hundred million dollars would be annualty 
spent for food, clothing, and other articles of use and 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS PREVENTS PRODUCTION. 103 

comfort, additional to what is now expended, but for 
the use and the traffic in strong drinks. This addi- 
tional sum expended, for our manufactures and pro- 
ducts of agriculture annually, would give a great 
impetus to every department of industry, manu- 
factures, agriculture, trade, and commerce. From the 
facts and figures presented it must be plain that the 
remedy for our present bad trade and lack of labor 
lies entirely within the power of our people. If we 
continue to spend these more than seven hundred 
million dollars annually for poisonous drinks, and 
expect to have prosperous trade, we shall find out our 
mistake when it is perhaps too late to apply the 
remedy. As the use of the drink prevents productive 
industry, it is logically clear that we may increase 
productive labor and trade by stopping the drink and 
removing the temptations to drunkenness. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



INJUKES LABOB. 



The demand for any product creates a demand for 
labor to produce it ; and when there is no demand for 
an article, there is certainly no need for its manufac- 
ture. It is equally true that wages are regulated by 
the demand for labor. When the number of laborers 
exceeds the demand for their labor, wages will be low ; 
and when the laborers are less than the demand, 
wages will be high. In other words, when two men 
are seeking the same job of work wages will be low ; 
but when two jobs are seeking one man, wages will 
be high. It is equally clear that when the demand 
for labor just equals the supply, the working-classes 
can obtain "a fair day's wage for a fair day's work" 
— that " Labor will not be oppressed by Capital." 
But you ask, "How can this employment and fair 
wages be obtained?" Nothing is more simple. All 
that needs be done is to create a demand for the useful 
products that will give the most labor and extend 
their beneficial influences to promote other productive 
industries. Let the millions now wasted, or worse 
than thrown away, for liquors, be spent for food, 
clothing, furniture, and other necessaries, and not 



io 4 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 105 

only would there be work for our unemployed and 
.those engaged now in the liquor business, but labor 
would be in demand in all departments of produc- 
tive industry. Not only does the money expended 
for liquors give the least amount of labor in propor- 
tion to the capital swallowed up in their purchase, 
but experience proves that, while the user of them is 
impoverished, those that it employs are also most 
generally debauched and ruined. 

The census returns in 1870 show that the value of 
the malt and spirituous liquors manufactured in 
Pennsylvania were valued at the place of production 
at 811,692,528; that their manufacture gave employ- 
ment to 2,110 hands, and paid $993,354 for wages; 
which, on an average, is less than eight and one-half 
cents' worth of labor to make one dollar's worth of 
liquor. A gauger in the service of the United States 
to whom the writer applied for information as to the 
cost of manufacturing liquors writes: "At present 
I have but one distillery in my charge. It employs 
three men at an average pay of $2 25 per day each ; 
uses 48 bushels of grain, producing, on an average, 
188 proof gallons of spirits per day, which, in its 
crude state to-day (Sept. 6, 1873), is selling at 81 05 
per gallon. To the cost of this quantity of grain (48 
bushels) daily add the cost of two and one-half 
pounds of hops, three-fourths of a ton of coal, and 
three empty barrels." As this distillery is in Penn- 
sylvania and in a neighboring count3 T , we will take 
this as the average cost of manufacturing spirits in 
Pennsylvania. 



IOC USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 

The cost of manufacturing 188 gallons of crude rye 
whiskey will be as follows : 

Rye, 48 bushels, at $1, ' $48 00 

Hops, 2% lbs., at 40 cents, . . . . . . . 1 00 

Coal, % ton, at $6, 4 50 

Total cost of material, .... $53 50 
Three men's wages, at $2 25 per day each, . . G 75 

Three empty barrels, at $2 each (iron-bound), . . 00 

Total cost of materials, barrels, and labor, $66 25 

188 gallons of whiskey (crude), at $1 05, . . . $197 40 

Thus the cost of labor to manufacture 188 proof 
gallons of crude whiskey, worth at the distillery 
$197 40, is $6 75, or less than 3.42 per cent, of the 
value of the product for labor. 

At this rate the 5,361,920 gallons of whiskey made 
in Pennsylvania in 1870, at $1 05 per gallon in its 
crude state at the distillery, would be $5,630,016, and 
at 3.5 per cent, for wages is $197,050. This value of 
the liquor is $1,011,788 more than the value given in 
the census returns (Table X.), and $18,787 less than 
the amount paid for wages. To give the liquor-traffic 
the benefit of all doubts, we will take the figures in 
the census returns ; for it cannot be said we made 
them suit to our cause, as the figures in census 
returns were given by the liquor-men themselves to 
the census-takers ; if they are not correct, they alone 
are to blame. 

Table XIV. exhibits some of the leading industries 
of Pennsylvania, showing the number of hands 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 



107 



employed, the amount of wages paid, the value of 
.materials used in their manufacture, the capital 
invested, and the value of the products at the place 
of their manufacture ; also the per cent, paid for 
labor on the value of the products. 





TABLE 


XIY. 








Kind of Product- 


13 o 


Wa^es 
Paid. 


Cost of 
Materials. 


Capital 
Invested. 


So 

Per~ct.fo7la^~ 
bor on value 
of product. 




319,487 
15,799 
19,136 
6,350 
951 
12,762 
12,578 
3,868 


Dollars. Dollars. 1 Dollar?. 
127,976,594 d21.1Q7 fi73l 4fifi R21 845 


Dollars. 1 
711,894.344 *17.97 
16,864.310! 28.5 
23,363 1561 91 K"t 




4,818,902 
5,040,272 
2,775,026 
403 597 
3.510.534 
4.340,06* 
1.363,334 


6 932,726 6.375.943 


Clothing 


12,822,465 
3,355.908 
722,863 
10 749.472 
17.325,849 
4,932,940 


10,378,443 

5,686.553 

951,850 

12,575 821 




9,389,503 
1.537,687 
17 KfiS fl28 


29.55 
26.24 
19.98 
15 86 








14.066,785| 27^361,897 
3,350,078 7,883,038 


Worsted goods 


17.30 


All kinds of Liquors — 


2,110 


993,354 


5,512,023 


9,579,253 


11,692,528 


8.5 



In the column under per cent, paid for labor it 
will be seen that for labor paid in all industries in 
the State combined there is paid 17.97 per cent, of the 
value of all manufactured articles ; for boots and 
shoes, 28.5 per cent. ; for clothing, 21.57 per cent. ; 
for furniture, house-fixtures, 29.55 per cent. ; for 
hardware, 26.24 per cent. ; cotton goods, 19.98 per 
cent. ; for woollen goods, 15.86 per cent. ; worsted 
goods, 17.30 per cent. ; while for the manufacture of 
liquors only 8.5 per cent, is paid for labor. The per- 
centage of the value of materials to the average value 
of all the products of the industries of the State is 59 
per cent. ; whilst the per cent, of the value of the 



* Per cent, for labor on all the rncKufaciures of the State. 



108 USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 

materials manufactured into liquors to their value 
where made is only 47 per cent. 

Thus the sum paid for labor to make $100 worth 
of all the manufactures in the State averages $17 97 
for boots and shoes, $28 50 ; for clothing, $21 57 
for furniture, etc., $29 55 ; for hardware, $26 24 
for cotton goods, $19 98 ; for woollen goods, $15 86 
for worsted goods, $17 30 ; while for making $100 
worth of liquors only $8 50 are paid for labor. 

Nor does this show the true injury done to labor 
by the sale and use of intoxicating drinks ; for we 
must bear in mind that the cost of liquors to the 
consumer is proportionately much more after they 
leave the place of manufacture than the other pro- 
ducts of our industries. It has been shown at page 
88 that the liquors made in Pennsylvania in 1870 
would cost the consumers $51,084,336 ; the percent- 
age of the cost of the liquors to the consumers for 
labor being only 1.94 per cent. 

It will be a fair estimate if we allow an average of 
25 per cent, for the increase in value, or the price 
upon all the products of industry, after leaving the 
manufactory, to the time when received by the con- 
sumers. 

Table No. XY. shows the value of the articles 
named at the manufactory ; the increase of value at 
25 per cent. ; the cost to the consumers ; the wages 
paid on them for labor ; and the per cent, paid for 
labor on the cost of the articles to the consumers, or 
the sum that is paid for labor out of every $100 
spent by the consumers. 



USE OF STKONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 



109 



TABLE XV. 



The kind of 

Products. 



I All Industries... . 
I B >ots and Shoes. 

Cbthing 

i Furniture and | 
, House fixtures j 

Hardware 

Cotton goods 

Woollen goods. . . 

Worsted goods. . . 



Liquors. 



The value of The increase 
the product |of value at 25 
of the manu- per ct. from 
factory, 1870.; Producer to 
Consumer. 



The cost of 
Articlts to 

the 
Consumers. 



The wages 
paid for 

Manufactu- 
ring the 
Product. 



Dollars. 

711,894 344 
16,864,310 
23,363,156 

9,389,503, 

1.537,6871 

17,565.028 

27, 361, 897 . 

7,883,034! 



Dollars. 

177,973.586 
4,216,077 
5,840,789 

2,347,375 

359,421 
4.391.257 
6 840 474 
1,970,759 



Dollars. | Dollars. Dollars 

889,867,9301 127,97K,594 14 38 

21080.387 4,818,902 22 85 

29.203,945 5,040,272 ! 17 25 



1.922.109 
21.956,285 
34.202,371 

9.853,797 



The sum 
paid for 
labor out 
o f every 
$100 worth 



12,184,254 2,775,026 



403,597: 

3,500.534! 
4,340,066 
1.363,334! 



22 76 

20 99 
15 94 

12 9-5 

13 83 



11,692,528 



51,084,3361 



993,354, 



1 94 



By examining this table it will be seen, by buy- 
ing §100 of the aggregate manufacture of the 
State §14 38 of it goes to labor for producing it. 
For every $100 spent for boots and shoes, $22 85 goes 
for labor ; for clothing, $17 25 ; for furniture, house- 
fixtures, etc., $22 76; for hardware, $20 99; for cot- 
ton goods, $15 94 ; for woollen goods, $12 98 ; for 
worsted goods, $13 83 ; while $100 spent for liquors 
will only give to labor $1 94. If we average a day's 
work to be worth $2, then one hundred dollars ($100) 
spent for boots and shoes will give one work for II^t/V 
days; for clothing, 8ff days; for furniture, etc., 
11 5 W days ; for cotton goods, 7 T Vo- days ; for woollen 
goods, C t Vtj days ; for hardware, lO^yV days ; and for 
worsted goods, 6Jff days ; while one hundred dollars 
expended for liquors will only give one man less 
than a day's work. 

Is it not clearly evident that the use of strong 



110 USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. 

drinks injures labor and consequently our laboring 
classes ? 

The liquor business employing but little labor, and 
sharing with labor a very small portion of its profits, 
is for ever at war with all the interests of labor and 
the working-classes of all countries, as well as with all 
efforts for the intellectual, moral, and religious ad- 
vancement of our race. 

Considering the facts and figures already present- 
ed, it is certainly the interest of our working-classes, 
if they desire to improve their own condition and 
that of their fellow-laborers, to use all their power 
and influence, social and political, to banish the 
drink-traffic from our land. Every dollar spent fo 
liquor robs labor of nearly a half-day's work; or, 
taking the whole liquor waste of $700,000,000, an 
aggregate annually of not less than three hundred 
million days' work. 

It has been plainly demonstrated that the man 
who spends a dollar for liquor receives nothing of 
value ; labor receives less than two cents from the 
dollar so spent. If a dollar is spent for a pair of 
shoes for a child, labor would have received nearly 23 
cents as its share, instead of less than two cents, as 
when spent for liquor ; the child would have a pair 
of shoes, and the man minus a headache. Hence, in 
examining the question of capital and labor, the 
drink question is a very important element, which 
must be duly considered. The remedy for bad trade 
is certainly in our own hands. As long as men 
spend their money for liquors which give but little 



USE OF STRONG DRINKS INJURES LABOR. Ill 

profit to labor, whilst at the same time they take the 
place of those commodities that give more employ- 
ment to the laboring classes, we shall have a continu- 
ance of hard times, a scarcity of work, and conse- 
quently low wages, and the laborer will continue 
the "slave of capital." 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE LOSSES 0E THE NATION BY THE DKINK-TRAEEIC. 

In addition to the loss of money expended for 
liquors there is a series of losses that are the 
inevitable results of such expenditure. 

The first of these is the loss of the labor of those 
engaged in the manufacture and sale of the drink, 
which we shall endeavor to approximate. By turning 
to Table VI. it will be seen that in 1872 there were 
7,276 licensed wholesale liquor establishments. If 
there are three persons employed in each, there are 
engaged in those places 21,828 persons. There were 
also in that year 161,144 persons licensed to sell 
liquor by retail. If two persons are employed in 
each of these liquor-shops, then 322,288 persons are so 
employed. 

Experience shows that there are nearly as many 
unlicensed liquor-shops as licensed; but suppose 
there are only one-half so many, there will be employ- 
ed in the unlicensed liquor business 161,144 persons. 
We thus have engaged in the United States about 
505,260 persons selling liquors. 

There were 3,132 distilleries. If five men were 
employed in each, then they employed 15,660 men. 

The Brewers' Congress, June 3, 1874, said that 
there were employed 3,566 men in malt-houses and 

112 



LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DRINK-TRAFFIC. 113 

11,138 in breweries. To which we may add 10,000 
more persons who were employed about distilleries 
and breweries as teamsters, blacksmiths, coopers, etc. 
The number of persons directly employed in the 
liquor business may be estimated as follows : 

NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN MAKING LIQUORS. 

Persons engaged in breweries, 11,138 

Persons engaged in malt-houses, 3,56G 

Persons engaged in distilleries, 15,660 

Persons variously employed about breweries and distil- 
leries, 10,000 

Total, 40,364 

NUMBER OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN SELLING LIQUORS. 

In wholesaling, 21,823 

In licensed retailing, 322,233 

In unlicensed retailing, 161,144 

Total engaged in selling, . . . .• 505,260 

The total number of persons employed in making 
and vending intoxicating drinks was 545.624; there- 
fore, as we have seen that the wealth of the nation is 
the result of productive labor, what real benefit to 
society is the labor of these 54.5, 624 men, even if we 
leave entirely out of the consideration all the moral 
aspects and results of their business? None what- 
ever ! Their labor is a total and direct loss. Their 
labor is unproductive, and whatever they consume is 
unproductive consumption ; and, as said in a previous 
chapter, they are little better than dependants living 
upon the industry of producing classes. In truth, 



114 LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DRINK-TKAFFIC. 

they are worse than paupers ; for their labor is not 
only unproductive in itself, but prevents productive 
industry by unfitting the productive laborer who 
consumes the drink for useful employment. 

Each person now engaged in the liquor business, if 
employed in some branch of useful industry, would be 
contributing his share to the aggregate wealth of the 
nation, which would, at the present time, be worth at 
least $2 a day, or $500 a year, allowing the balance 
for loss of time by sickness and other causes. This 
increase of producing labor would add to the wealth 
of the nation $1,091,248 per day, or $272,812,000 per 
annum. This more than two hundred and seventy- 
two million dollars is only a small part of the direct 
loss annually sustained by the nation in the shape of 
labor taken by the liquor trades from productive 
industry. 

It is estimated that there are 600,000 drunkards in 
the United States, which is certainly no exaggera- 
tion ; for if each of the 161,144 licensed liquor-shops 
have four customers who are drunkards, the number 
will be 644,576. That this is a low estimate must be 
evident when we consider the vast number of un- 
licensed liquor-shops in the nation. If, on an aver- 
age, these 600,000 drunkards lose but one-half of 
their time by drinking, it will equal the loss of the 
labor of more than 300,000 men annually, which, at 
$500 a year for each, will be a loss of $150,000,000. 

Taking the number of our population at 38,558,371, 
as at last census, nearly one-half of whom are fe- 
males, and 8,425,941 males of twenty-one years and 






LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DKINK-THAFFIC. 115 

upwards, and supposing that only one-sixth of these 
adult males use intoxicating drinks to any great 
extent, it will give us for the United States 1,404,323 
male tipplers, to say nothing of the female popula- 
tion, though every one knows that they are not all 
total abstainers. It is estimated by good authorities 
that there are not less than two hundred thousand 
female drunkards in the United States. If one day's 
labor is lost a week by each of these 1,404,323 male 
tipplers and occasional drunkards, the loss will be 
$2,808,646 a week, or $146,049,592 a year. 

RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES OF TIME AND INDUSTRY. 

The loss of time and industry of 545,624 men en- 
gaged in making and selling liquor, . . $272,812,000 
The loss of time and industry of 600,000 drunkards, 150,000,000 
The loss of time and industry of 1,404,323 male tip- 
plers, 146,049,592 



Total loss of time and industry, . . . . $568,861,592 

Investigation will show that this large aggregate 
is far below the true loss. 

But the above are not the only losses which the 
drink-trade imposes, as will be seen by the follow- 
ing exhibits. 



DESTRUCTION OF GRAIN, ETC. 

Brewers and distillers destroy grain to produce a 
product that is unlit to nourish the animal system, 
while the miller prepares a true food. By the 
manufacture of liquors not less than 40,000,000 



116 LOSSES OF TflE NATION BY DRINK-TRAFFIC. 

bushels of nutritious grain are annually destroyed. 
A bushel of rye or corn weighs 56 lbs., and a bushel 
of barley 47 lbs. The average weight of the grain 
used for liquors will be about 53 lbs. to the bushel, 
yielding not less than 40 lbs. of flour, which will 
make about 60 lbs. of bread, or fifteen 4-lb. loaves 
per bushel. The 40,000,000 bushels will give a grand 
total of food annually destroyed equal to 600,000,- 
000 4-pound loaves of bread, or annually more than 
79 loaves for each family in the United States. This 
calculation does not include the destruction of grain 
and fruit involved in the manufacture of- the liquors 
imported from foreign countries, nor the domestic 
liquors produced in -the country that are not re- 
ported to the Government. 

These loaves, if used as paving-stones, would pave 
a street ten yards wide and more than a thousand 
miles long ; or a road as long as from Philadelphia 
to St. Louis, Mo., or from Boston nearly to Chicago. 
To remove them from the bakery in wagons, allowing 
500 loaves for each, and take a load every half hour, 
to be thrown into the Delaware River, and continue 
this for ten hours a day during the entire year, would 
require 164 wagons to haul these loaves to the river 
in one year, or one wagon in 164 years. 

What a thrill of horror would be excited in the 
breast of every sane citizen of Philadelphia if these 
164 wagons should be seen going down Market Street 
to the Delaware, each having 500 4-pound loaves of 
bread to be thrown into the river ; and we feel safe 
in saying that not a single loaf would touch the 



LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DKINK-TEAFFIC. 117 

water before lie who would attempt to destroy so 
much food would be thrown after it. Yet, year 
after year, there is grain destroyed in the manufac- 
ture of intoxicating drinks equal to the amount of 
bread that those 164 wagons could haul, at two 
loads an hour, working ten hours a day for the 
whole year. If the six hundred million loaves of 
bread were annually destroyed by being cast into the 
rivers of the country, at the most and worst the 
bread would be lost, and that would be the end of 
it ; the destruction of this bread would be a bless- 
ing to our people compared with the results that 
now from the intoxicating drinks made from this 
wasted grain. The drink not only ruins our people 
financially, but undermines their virtues, blunts the 
sensibilities, effaces the memory, enfeebles the un- 
derstanding, dethrones reason, and destroys life. 

It cannot be denied that the grain is wasted in the 
process of malting, brewing, and distilling. 

The food thus annually wasted would feed millions 
of our people. It is a sin and a crime to destroy food, 
though enough may still remain to feed the people. 
Every bushel of grain that is made into liquors en- 
hances the price of what remains in the market ; and 
dear bread always causes bad trade, for the more 
people have to pay for food, the less money they have 
for clothing and other comforts or luxuries. The re- 
sults are the same, whether forty million bushels of 
grain perish in the fields by rain and mildew at har- 
vest-time, or are subsequently destroyed in the brew- 
eries and distilleries. In both cases the price will 



118 LOSSES OF THE NATION BY DRINK-TRAFFIC. 

be raised ; but in the latter case there is not only the 
destruction of the grain, but the destruction of the 
virtue of our people, the disinclination to engage in 
useful and productive labor to make up for the in- 
crease in the price of food, which is a twofold loss 
to the community. 

In addition to these we have the immeasurable evils 
and burdens that flow directly and indirectly from 
the use of alcoholic drinks. 

It is very clear, then, that if the grain was used for 
bread, instead of being destroyed in our breweries and 
distilleries, it would be vastly better for all classes of 
our people. 

"No nation can prosper long that practises such 
waste of food. 



CHAPTER X. 

THE USE OF ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSES PAUPERISM. 

There is no more difficult task than that of under- 
taking to find out the true cost of pauperism and 
crime in the United States. In truth, it may be said 
to be impossible from the poor and irregular system, 
or no system, of collecting facts and statistics in the 
public institutions of the country. There are only 
one or two States where any reliable statistics are col- 
lected. The figures of these States will be given, from 
which we may be able to proximate the condition of 
some of the others. 

Though the figures presented are approximated, 
they are yet sufficiently near to convince every re- 
flecting person that each of these evils is an immense 
pecuniary burden upon the industry of our people. 

By viewing the vast resources of our country, given 
in the first chapter, we should be led to conclude that 
there must be general prosperity throughout our 
country, and that all our people would be well 
clothed and bountifully fed, and that no want or 
poverty could exist in all our favored land. 

But on looking around us and viewing the actual 
condition of the masses of our people, we are forced to 
the very sad and painful conclusion that while our 
nation has been growing in wealth, and has year by 

year been extending its means, and increasing the ap- 

110 



120 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

pliances to produce more and greater wealth, large 
numbers of our people have been growing poorer and 
poorer, and that now tens of thousands are already in 
the midst of hardships and penury, and are either 
supported as paupers in our public institutions, or, 
what is still worse, both for them and society, as beg- 
gars and vagrants by private charity. 

It will be seen, by a table hereafter to be given, 
from the census returns of 1870, that in the United 
States during the year ending June 30, 1870, there 
were 116,102 persons in the different poor-houses ; 
that- 76,737 received support June 1, 1870, at a cost 
.of $10,930,429. And also that during the same 
period there were convicted 36,562 criminals, and 
that t? re were on that day 32,901 of this class of 
persons in the prisons of the United States. In the 
same year there were 143,115 licensed retail liquor- 
u^cders in the United States. The census returns of 
paupers do not exhibit the full extent of pauperism 
and vagrancy. 

Extreme poverty is not confined to those receiving 
regular or temporary relief from public institutions ; 
for thousands of our laboring classes who never apply 
for public charity suffer untold hardships for want 
of the necessities and comforts of life. 



ALCOHOLIC LUILXKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 



121 



TABLE XVI. 

This Table shows the Pauperism and Crime in the several States 
from the Census Returns of 1870. 



States and Ter- 
ritories. 



[United States.. 

Ulabama 

| Aiizoua 

Arkansas 

California 

(Colorado 

(Connecticut .... 

Dakota 

{Delaware 

;Di?t. Columbia. 

JFlorida 

Georgia 

ildaho 

'Illinois 

i Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Ma'ne 

Maryland 

Matsachusttts., 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

N. Hampshire.. 

New Jersey 

New Mexico ... 

New York 

North Carolina. 

Ohio 

Oregon. 



Population. 
1570. 



Pauperism. 



No. Sup- 
ported 
dur'g the 
yearl870. 



Cost of 
annual 
support. 



Crime. 



No. con- 
victed in 
the year 
1870. 



B,558 

996 
9 

484, 

5b0 
39 

537, 
14, 

125, 

131. 

187, 
1,184, 
14. 
2,539. 
1,680. 
1,194. 

364 
1.321, 

'726, 

626. 

780. 
1457, 
1,184. 

439; 

827. 
21, 



1 

' 20 
122 

42 

318 

906 

9!. 

4,382 

1071, 

2,062 

90 



Pennsylvania ! 3 521 ,95 



Rhode Island. 
South Carolina. 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington.... 
West Virginia.. 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 



21 

705 

1,258 

818 

86 

330 

1,225 

25 

442, 

1,154 

9, 



37 1 
992 
658 
471 
247 
864 
454 
181 
015 
700 
748 
119 
999 
891 
,637 
020 
,399 
011 
,915 
915 
894 
351 
,059 
,706 
922 
295 
595 
993 
491 
oOO 
096 
874 
75!) 

391 

2i ;o 

923 
951 
853 
606 
520 
579 
786 
551 
163 
965 
041 

B7n 

us 



116,102 
890 



Dollars. 

10,930,429 
81,459 



626 


74,917 


2,317 


273,147 


73 


11,422 


1.728 


189,918 



556 

303 

147 
2,181 
41 
6,054 
4,657 
1,543 

361 
2,0f9 

590 
4,619 
1,857 
8,036 
3,151 

684 

921 
2,424 

104 
93 

196 
2 636 
3,256 



26, 1 52 

1,706 

6,383 

133 

15.872 

1046 

2.343 

1,349 

2' 4 

56 

2.008 

3,890 

34 

1.102 

1,553 



41,266 

26 364 

9 830 

159,793 

7.247 

556,061 

403,521 

175,179 

46.475 

160.717 

53,300 

367,100 

163.584 

1,121,604 

269,682 

66,167 

96.707 

191,171 

17,C65 

11,161 

23.702 

235,126 

283,341 



2,661,385 

136.470 

566,280 

24,800 

1,256,024 

97.702 

£24 805 

99,811 

21,219 

6.206 

178.028 

303.081 

5 283 

80,628 

151.181 



36,562 

1,269 

29 

343 

1,107 

32 

450 

2 

145 

121 

335 

1,775 

26 

1,552 

1,374 

615 

151 

603 

1,559 

431 

868 

1,593 

835 

214 

471 

1,503 

24 

53 

132 

182 

1,040 

95 

5,473 

1.311 

2,560 

80 

3,327 

209 

1,399 

722 

200 

27 

139 

1,090 

20 

155 

837 

24 



No. in 

prison 

June 1, 

1870. 



32,901 

593 

11 

362 

1,574 

19 

430 

3 

C6 

143 

179 

737 

28 J . 

1,795 

907 

397 

329 

1.067 

'845 

371 

1 035 

2.526 

1,095 

129 

449 

1,623 

16 

69 

99 

267 

1,079 

24 

'4,104 

468 

1,405 

104 

3 231 

'ISO 

732 

981 

732 

19 

193 

1,244 

19 

191 

418 

13 



No. licenc- 
ed retail 
liquor- ! 
shoos. etc., 
1870. 



143 115 
1.976 

119 
2.000 
5,845 

371 

3,352 

82 

368 
1,087 

580 

2,767 

W 244 

8,562 

4,444 

3 013 
1,117 

4 761 
4 4 l 

84*> 
4,285 
5.039 
5,020 
1.930 
1.807 
5.888 

449 

635 

658 
1,161 
5,649 

418 

21,318 

1,315 

11.169 

738 
13015 

727 
1.565 
2.684 

a, 168 

128 
510 

3,314 
224 
5i3 

3,804 
236 



122 



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126 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

PAUPERISM AND CRIME IN THE YEAR 1868 IN 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

The Citizens' Association of Pennsylvania, 'charter- 
tered by the Legislature "to report on the dependent 
and criminal population of the State," in their report 
to the Legislature dated February 1, 1868, gave the 
following facts : 

"The paupers in poorhouses and chargeable to 
counties numbered 14,988, or one in 246 of the 
population. Cost of maintaining them at 29 cents* 
per day each, or $106 60 per year, amounts to $1,597,- 
720, or $2 67 for each voter in the State. 

"The percentage of the public poor who are helpless 
from age, disease, or other infirmity is about .45, 
leaving .55 who are able to employ themselves in 
some occupation that may in part remunerate the 
counties for their support. 

"Relief given to deserving poor, ... or out- 
door relief, amounts to $190,376 56, or 32 cents to each 
voter. 

"The number of the second class of poor, denomi- 
nated vagrants, cannot well be ascertained, but from 
returns in hand the number of meals furnished to 
such at the poorhouses is estimated at 361,000, which, 
at 15 cents per meal, would amount to $54,150, or 9 
cents to each voter. 

"The number of nights' lodgings furnished to 
travelling poor is 119,096. Add to this the lodgings 

* The average of the Philadelphia Almshouse, which is lower than any 
other in the State. 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 127 

in station-houses in Philadelphia, 46,250, and we have 
a total of 165,346 nights' lodgings furnished to va- 
grants." 

Two-thirds of the above pauperism and three- 
fourths of vagrancy are justly attributed to in- 
temperance or the use of intoxicating drinks. 

From this report of the Citizens' Association* we 
find that one-third of the insane, deaf-mutes, blind, 
and feeble-minded are attributed to intemperance ; 
and also that two-thirds of the friendless children 
and the inmates of the houses of refuge, or 1,154 of 
these dependents in the State, are from the same 
cause. 

They also say: u The estimated population of 
county jails is 8,447 ; of penitentiaries, 669, or one in 
402 of the population. The average cost for the 
maintenance of these prisoners is 44 cents each per 
day— a total per day of $4,011 04, or $1,464,029 60 
per year, or to each voter in the State $2 45. 

"Causes. — It will not be doubted that two-thirds of 
the pauperism and crime of the State are justly 
attributed to intemperance, and it is stated by au- 
thorities that one-third of the dependent classes — as 
insane, feeble-minded, etc. — are to be traced to the 
same cause. If we apply this rule to the figures 
before us, we have the aggregate cost of maintaining 
paupers and criminals whose condition is due to 
intemperance §2,204,244 per year, and the aggregate 
cost of maintaining insane, idiotic, and other depen- 

* Hcport Citizens' Association, Pennsylvania, 18G8, page 9. 



128 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

dent persons from the same cause $55,666 66, — a total 
cost of $2,259,910 66. 

u These are startling facts which deserve candid 
thought, and should be taken into account by legisla- 
tors and all persons who have an interest in public 
morals and in the economy of our State affairs. . . . 
Ought we not to ask : If we have done so much for 
the support of pauperism and crime, what have we 
neglected to do for the arrest of these evils ? It seems 
to us that if both sides of this question are fairly 
examined, our sins of omission will rise up against 
us with fearful condemnation 

"The victims of strong drink, however, come in 
hosts more numerous than all the rest together, and 
with hopes blasted, self-respect gone, and the story 
of domestic sorrow and grief bearing upon the heart, 
point to the path of ruin that is before them, and 
ask for help. 

"Thirty thousand people in Pennsylvania are in 
this condition, and come to ask you (the legislators 
of Pennsylvania) with these pictures of pauperism, 
dependence, and crime, asking that they may have 
a share of your sympathy — not that they may be 
abased and imprisoned as criminals, nor yet be 
humiliated as paupers, but that they may have such 
help as will enable them to be men again and do 
their portion for the public good." 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 



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ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 131 

The Board of State Charities sent interrogatories to 
nearly 700 districts ; 212 only replied,* from which we 
find that the cost of pauperism in those districts was 
$68,538 92 for 760 paupers, of which 64 are reported 
to be intemperate, 71 insane, and 35 idiotic. These 
figures are very far from being correct, for the State 
Board of Charities report says : "The accompanying 
tables of almshouses and township poor . . . illus- 
trate the great necessity of further legislation, requir- 
ing a uniform system of statistical records to be kept 
in these institutions. Some are not able to give the 
number of persons relieved during the year, the ave- 
rage number admitted, or the weekly cost of support. 
. . . In many no distinction is made as regards 
sex, color, nativity, etc., etc. While a majority of 
stewards allege intemperance to be the cause of pau- 
perism, yet there are no regular records kept of the 
number of intemperate persons receiving support ; 
and when asked, How many of those supported or re- 
lieved were intemperate ? answer frequently, ' We 
have no record upon the subject.' Hence the diffi- 
culty of arriving at the real cost of pauperism.'' 

The following table shows the number of paupers, 
the amount expended, number intemperate, insane, 
and idiots, and children under sixteen years, in the 
county almshouses and districts of Pennsylvania : 

* Board of Public Charities Report, Pa., 1871, p. 94. 



132 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 



Names. 


No. Pau- 
pers re- 
lieved. 


! No. Iu- 
Amount Expended temper- 
ate. 


No. 
In- 
sane. 


No. 
Idi- 
otic. 


Under 

16 
years. 


County Almshouses. . 
* Township Poor 

f Totals 


17,571 
760 

18,331 


Dollars. 

948,312 49i 1,955 

68,538 92 64 


523 
71 


180 
35 


1 

1,075 
300 


1,016,851 41 2,019 594 215 

1 1 


1,375 



From tlie Report of the State Board of Charities 
and Reform of Wisconsin for 1871 we learn that for 
1870 the whole number of persons receiving relief of 
towns was 3,800 ; the total for the State is estimated 
at about 5,000. The amount expended for the relief 
of poor was : 

Cost of county poorhouses, 



Relief of poor not in poorhouses from county 

treasuries, 

Amount paid from town treasuries, . 



Total, 



$70,553 09 

69,307 76 
113,004 57 

$252,865 44 

The United States census gives the number of per- 
sons supported in Wisconsin during the year 1870 as 
1,553, while the reports to the Board of Charities, etc., 
are 3,792 ; and there is good evidence, as the Board 
says, to believe that some ten or twelve hundred more 
were relieved that were not reported to them. The 
census returns give the cost of pauperism as $151,181, 
while the returns to the Board show a cost for the 
year ending a few months later than that covered by 
the census to have been $252,864 44 ; licensed places 
to sell liquors, 2,613 ; number of places without li- 
censes selling liquor, 414. 

There is also in every State a large class of persons 



* Board of Public Charities Report, Pa., pp. C8-104. 
t Ibid., pp. 106-9. 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 133 

who mainly depend upon their relatives and friends 
for support. 

AVe feel safe in saying that twice or even thrice 
as many persons are in the condition oe paupers 
as are reported to have been relieved in our alms- 
houses. 

The returns of vagrancy are even more imperfect 
than those of pauperism ; but every one must be pain- 
fully aware that in every part of our country there 
is a very large class of persons who have no fixed 
place of abode, but are moving about from place to 
place, and obtain a living by begging and stealing, or 
by some of the many impositions practised upon the 
public. This class of persons is a worse burden upon 
society than our actual paupers ; for they are not only 
supported by the public, but they carry an atmos- 
phere of demoralization wherever they go ; 1,408 of 
this class of persons were arrested by the police of 
Philadelphia in 1873, being nearly 700 more than the 
previous year. 

To survey the extent and magnitude of our re- 
sources ; the power for greater production and de- 
velopment, and the accumulation of still greater 
wealth ; the diversity of our climate ; our numerous 
majestic rivers, which peculiarly fit us to become a 
great manufacturing, agricultural, and commercial 
nation, we can but conclude that something must 
be radically wrong by which so much vagrancy and 
pauperism exist amid such resources and natural ad- 
vantages. But when we consider the results flowing 
from our numerous drinking-places, the demoraliz- 



134 ALCOHOLIC DEINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

ing social habits caused thereby, and sum up the 
money that is squandered for intoxicating drinks, we 
can no longer wonder at the poverty, misery, and 
pauperism which exist ; for there is, and ever will 
and ever must be, a never-failing relation and connec- 
tion between the facilities for obtaining intoxicating 
drinks and vagrancy and pauperism. As these facili- 
ties and consequent drunkenness are increased in any 
town, city, or State, in that ratio is pauperism aug- 
mented. Every cent taken from the pockets of our 
laboring classes for liquors is taken directly from the 
means of procuring the necessaries of life, and is a 
total loss to them. 

It is this squandering of money for strong drink by 
our laborers, mechanics, artisans, etc., which places 
or keeps them in that condition wherein, if by sick- 
ness, accident, depression of business, or other cause 
they are unable to follow their avocations, they either 
greatly suffer or become burdens on the charities of 
the public, xi laboring man need not become a 
drunkard to impoverish himself and family. To 
drink two or three glasses a day is sufficient to pro- 
duce want or a lack of many comforts of life. Then, 
in addition to the loss of the money so spent, the con- 
tinual though moderate use of the liquor so poisons 
and undermines the drinker' s constitution that very 
often before he has arrived at the meridian of life he 
is a worn-out old man, a dependent, and his family a 
burden on the sober, healthy, and industrious. Not 
less than 130,000 of the widows and orphans, annually 
left in our country, are left such by the liquor- 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CATJSE PAUPERISM. 185 

drinkers. From two-thirds to four-fifths of the in- 
mates of our poorhouses are there by drink. 

If the individual and the family history could be 
ascertained, it would be found that not less than nine- 
tenths were brought directly or indirectly to the con- 
dition of inmates of the almshouse either by the in- 
temperance of themselves or others. 

It is true that sometimes, by commercial depression, 
misfortune, sickness, or other causes, persons may be 
brought to poverty and distress ; but for the use of 
intoxicating drinks, few indeed would be the cases 
that would need to be sent to the poorhouse. Every 
liquor-shop is a moral plague-spot and hot-bed of 
disease and destitution. 

This is not only seen to be the case from the returns 
of our pauper institutions, but in the mendicity that 
exists throughout the land. The greater part of the 
beggary is created and perpetuated by the traffic in 
strong drinks. The expense to our people collectively 
of the beggary so increased in our country is little if 
any less than the pauperism in our public institu- 
tions. Our working classes will inevitably be kept 
poor and dependent so long as the temptations of the 
liquor-traffic exist ; for, as a general rule, at least all 
their surplus earnings are spent for drink. Why is 
it that the houses of the liquor-sellers are well fur- 
nished and often owned by themselves, while the 
homes of those who patronize them are destitute not 
only of the comforts but even the necessaries of life \ 
It is because of the self-imposed taxes they burden 
themselves with for drink, and deprive themselves 



13G ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 






and families of the pleasures and the comforts of 
home-life for the degrading, demoralizing, and mo- 
mentary enjoyments and delusions of drink. The 
greater number of our working-men expend for 
liquor sums of money which, if saved for a few years, 
would purchase handsome and well-furnished horn: s 
or make provision for sickness, accident, or old age. 
For example, let us make a simple calculation of the 
sums of money spent for liquor by a very moderate 
drinker. We will suppose that a young man com- 
mences at the age of 20 years to drink, and that from 
20 to 23 he drinks but one glass of beer a day, worth 
5 cents a glass ; at 23 he will have spent $54 75 ; 
from 23 to 25, two glasses a day, he will have spent 
$73 ; from 25 to 30, three glasses a day, $273 75 ; from 
30 to 35, four glasses a day, $365 ; from 35 to 40, five 
glasses a day, $456 25. 

Thus, a young man commencing at the age of 20 to 
drink in the strictest moderation will have spent at 
the age of 40 for beer, which did him not one particle 
of good, but more or less injury, the sum of $1,222 75. 
Now, if another young man commences at 20, and, 
instead of spending the money named for beer each 
year, should put it out at 6 per cent, interest, with- 
out any other savings but tlii 3 beer-money he would 
be worth, at the age of 40 years, $1,955, having saved 
his money, his character, his health, and perhaps his 
soul. "And what will a man give in exchange for 
his soul \ ' ' 

Young men, ponder well the above. Is not the 
allowance we have given less than the quantity of 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 137 

liquor drunk by the average moderate drinkers in the 
course of 20 years ? Let the most temperate drinkers 
reflect whether they do not annually spend more for 
strong drinks than the sum named. Is it not foolish, 
ay, sinful and criminal, to spend hard-earned money 
for that which is not only of no benefit, but injurious ? 

A certain man was in the habit of saying when he 
drank a glass of liquor, " Here goes a peck of pota- 
toes." But the man who has drunk only moderately 
for twenty years may say with truth, " I have swal- 
lowed a three-story house and lot, chimney and all." 

Our industrious classes are not only injured by the 
money they spend for intoxicating drinks, but by 
the time lost frcm drinking, which, even in the case 
of moderate drinkers, is often more in value than the 
money expended. 

Again, the use of intoxicating drinks tends to 
create spendthrift and improvident habits, making 
the poor man indifferent or content in his poverty, 
lessening his self-respect, destroying his laudable 
ambition, which prevents him from trying to better 
his circumstances. This is clearly exhibited in almost 
every family where strong drinks are used to any 
great extent. Total abstinence has an opposite ten- 
dency ; for as soon as men who have been in the 
habit of drinking give up their cups they become 
more industrious and ambitious, provide better for 
the wants of their families, and try to get along 
better; and many, in a short time, commence to ac- 
cumulate property and "provide for a rainy day." 

Nothing injures our working classes so much as 



138 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

drinking. The man who from month to month 
spends one-third or one-half of his earnings in drink 
is in no condition to resist the reduction of wages or 
unjust exactions of his employer. He is compelled 
to submit and accept any terms or wages offered, in 
order that himself and family may not be deprived 
of the necessaries of life. Drinking injures the sober, 
industrious mechanic, artisan, and laborer, as well as 
the dissipated ; for they, too, are often compelled to 
accept a reduction of wages, as the number of 
dissipated workmen is so large at the present time 
that a sufficient number can always be found who 
must have work on any terms, or starve ; hence the 
sober mechanic has to take less wages because the 
drinker is compelled to do so. Now, if the artisans, 
mechanics, and operatives, when trade is good, would 
save but half the money they now expend for liquor, 
there would be no need of strikes ; for the workers 
would generally be in a pecuniary condition to resist 
any very unjust exaction of their employers. 

For employers generally need the labor of their 
workmen as much as they need money ; for it is out 
of the profits of their labor that the employers make 
their capital. 

Let our laboring men take care of their money, and 
not expend it for liquor, and they will soon be as 
independent of their employers as the latter are 
of them ; for, in a normal condition, capital and la- 
bor are equally dependent one on the other. 

Again, if the industrious classes would save the 
money now spent for liquor, when their employers 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 139 

refuse or are unable to pay them remunerative wages 
they would be able with their savings to embark in 
other fields of productive labor which would not only 
benefit themselves, but relieve the labor market of 
a surplus of laborers. If, for instance, the 12,505,923 
persons engaged in agriculture, manufactures, and 
mechanical and mining industries would deposit in 
our savings institutions annually one-fifth of the 
money now expended for liquor, or 8140,064,276 ; 
or if the 2,053,996 persons engaged in manufactures, 
mechanical and mining industries, or about 410,799 
families, would deposit in the savings-banks the 
$81 per year that is spent by each family in the 
United States for liquor, the accumulation of this 
sum in a few years, with the interest accruing, would 
be a very handsome reserve fund for each family 
to fall back upon in time of need. 

With these savings at their command they would 
not be compelled, when business is a little dull, to 
work upon any terms their employers might offer. 

Though strikes never benefit, we believe, any one, 
employer or employed, yet if the working-classes will 
abstain from liquors and save the money expended 
for them, in a few years, they might then strike with 
some show of success. But the strikes that take place 
now result generally to the injury' of the working 
classes ; for in the majority of cases, after losing weeks 
or months of labor, they are obliged to go to work 
without gaining what they struck for, because they 
had spent the money for drink that would have 
supported or enabled them to go into some other 



140 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

employment or become employers themselves. 
Hence, in any and every way we may look at 
this subject, it is to the interest of the working 
classes to adopt the principle of total abstinence ; 
and the first strike should be against spending their 
money for drink and keeping the drink- sellers in 
idleness. By doing this they are sure to gain in 
money, health, and happiness. 

Total abstinence will not only benefit the 
employed, but the employer. All other things 
being equal, the sober workman who totally 
abstains from all kinds of liquors is to be 
preferred to one who drinks. The non-drinking 
mechanic or artisan is generally able to do more and 
better work with greater ease to himself than the 
drinker. This is now certain ; hence it is a loss for 
employers to have drunken hands, or even those who 
use strong drinks. Again, the non-abstainer will 
often neglect his work to spend his time in drinking. 
True, the employer does not pay his hands when 
they are not at work. The employer, when he 
engages a man, needs his work, and expects to profit 
by it ; but when he spends his time in drinking, the 
employer not only loses the profit on the work he 
could have done, but his business is neglected, and 
often, as business is now carried on, other men may 
be kept waiting for the work he should have done. 
In such cases the employer not only loses the work 
of the drinker, but also that of the non-drinker, by 
drunkenness. If it is profitable to employ hands 
at all, it is certainly to his benefit to have sober 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 141 

workmen upon whom lie can depend : and it is just 
as surely a loss to have men who drink. This was 
well understood by Mr. Bokewell, of Manchester, 
England, who offered to give a shilling a w r eek extra 
to every one of his workmen who should become a 
worthy and consistent member of a total-abstinence 
society. 

It is strange that manufacturers and master-me- 
chanics have not ere this become more fully awakened 
to the loss they sustain by the drinking customs of 
the country, not only by checking the development 
of their industries, but by the loss they sustain from 
the drunkenness and idleness of their employees. 
Let us, to illustrate, suppose that Mr. A. has a ma- 
chine-shop or factory, fitted up with machinery, 
each part depending upon another. The success of 
his business depends upon the skill and industry of 
his workmen. He contracts to produce in a given 
time a certain amount of the products of his busi- 
ness. To do this will require the steady and uniform 
labor of one hundred hands to produce the manu- 
factured articles by the time named. But, instead 
of all these hands working regularly, there are eight 
or ten hands every week or few days who lose their 
time or neglect their work, either to drink or from 
inability to work from the effects of drinking. The 
consequence is that some portion of the machinery 
is standing idle ; and in order that the whole estab- 
lishment shall not stop, he is obliged to keep his 
engine going at a loss of fuel to turn a part of his 
machinery, and the result is that the work will not 



142 ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CAUSE PAUPERISM. 

be done, unless lie employs additional hands, or 
runs his machinery longer hours, and incurs the loss 
of light, fuel, and wear and tear of machinery. 
Thus will he be a great loser by the intemperance 
of his workmen, besides the trouble of mind and 
perplexity that will be experienced to have the 
contract completed in time. The same will apply 
to men in every business who are under the neces- 
sity of employing help. This is another of the 
great drawbacks upon industry. Hence there is no 
question that is agitating this country that so mate- 
rially affects the interests of manufacturers, mer- 
chants, and tradesmen in every department as the 
right solution of the question arising from the drink- 
ing habits of the people of this and every civilized 
nation. 



CHAPTER XL 

CKIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DEIXKS. 

The relations of the use of intoxicating drinks to 
crime is a subject well worth the serious considera- 
tion of statesmen and people, and is one which 
appeals to the sympathy and reflection of every 
lover of the human race. All must deplore the dire- 
ful and demoralizing effects of the liquor-traffic upon 
our citizens, and particularly so when they consider 
the immense cost directly and indirectly caused 
by it. 

In whatever direction we look, in every State and 
Territory of the United States, and in every portion of 
the civilized world, the terrible results of the use of, 
and traffic in, alcoholic drinks have been felt, and to 
which may be traced most of the crime, misery, and 
the disturbance of the public peace. This cause more 
than all others fills our jails, poorhouses, penitentia- 
ries, and lunatic asylums, and does more to frustrate 
the efforts of Christians and philanthropists than all 
else combined. 

In an article prepared by A. S. Fisk, A.M., entitled 
"The Relations of Education to Crime in New Eng- 
land, and the Facilities for Education in her Penal 

143 



144 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

Institutions," and published in the report of the 
United States Commissioner of Education for the year 
1871, page 549, we find the following: 

' ' The fourth fact is that from 80 to 90 per cent, of 
our criminals connect their courses of crime with in- 
temperance. Of the 14,315 inmates of the Massachu- 
setts prisons, 12,396 are reported to have been in- 
temperate, or 84 per cent." 

"At the Deer Island House of Industry (Boston), 
not included in the above figures, of 3,514 committals, 
3,097, or 88 per cent., were for drunkenness ; fifty-four 
more as idle and disorderly, which commonly means 
under the influence of drink ; seventy- seven for 
assault and battery, which means the same thing ; 
and forty-eight as common night-walkers, every one 
of whom is also a common drinker. "We have, there- 
fore, of this prison a full 93 per cent, whose confine- 
ment is connected with the use of drink ; and this may 
be taken as a not exaggerated sample of many munici- 
pal prisons. In the New Hampshire State Prison 
sixty-five out of ninety-one admit themselves to have 
been intemperate. Reports were asked from every 
State, county, and municipal prison in Connecticut in 
the spring of 1871 in reference to the statistics of 
drinking habits among the inmates, and it was found 
that more than 90 per cent, had been in habits of 
drink by their own admission. 

The warden of the Rhode Island State Prison, and 
county jailer, estimates 90 per cent, of the residents of 
his cells as drinkers. 

From Vermont and Maine no reports have been se- 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 145 

cured ; but they would not, if their prisoners were all 
interrogated, bring the estimate below 80 per cent. 

It will still be remembered that these figures do not 
cover the mere temporary arrests for drunkenness, 
disorder, etc., nor the facts of the municipal place of 
detention, where the percentage of drunken criminals 
will be most striking. 

There is no enormity or crime to which persons, no 
matter how well disposed and gentle at other times, 
may not be impelled when under the influence of 
drink. 

Husbands and fathers are not only caused to 
neglect wives and families, but to inflict upon 
them the most revolting cruelties. The affections in 
families are blunted and obliterated ; children are neg- 
lected and left without clothing, food, or education, 
and often forced into crime by their parents to pro- 
cure money for them to spend in drink, or they are 
abandoned and left to shift for themselves, and under 
the guidance of wicked associates are urged to com- 
mit crime to eke out a shiftless existence. 

There can be no doubt in the minds of any who have 
examined the subject in the least but that the liquor- 
traffic is the main source and prolific cause of the 
criminality that is steadily increasing from year to 
year, and which consequently necessitates the increase 
and enlargement of prisons and police officers. All 
of which has again and again been fully and clearly 
established by the testimony of judges, grand-juries, 
police magistrates, chaplains, governors, and inspec- 
tors of prisons. They have repeatedly testified that 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



frauds, embezzlements, theft, the prostitution of our 
young women, robberies, burglaries, and murders, are 
produced mainly by the brutalizing and depraving in- 
fluences of strong drinks. More than three-fourths of 
the inmates of prisons attribute their fall to the use of 
intoxicating drinks. Of the 39 cases of murder and 
121 cases of assault to murder in the city of Philadel- 
phia in 1868, in almost every case it may be safely 
said that the murderer was intoxicated when the 
deed was committed. These bloody deeds were clear- 
ly traceable to the liquid poison that maddens the 
brain, depriving of reason, and leading to the commis- 
sion of acts of blood and violence at the thoughts of 
which, when sober and clothed in their right minds, 
the perpetrators' souls would revolt. They would 
say with one of old, u Is thy servant a dog that he 
should do this great thing?" For all these evils flow- 
ing from the liquor-traffic not only do heavy and 
fearful responsibilities rest upon the liquor-sellers, 
who entice, by various means, men and women to 
enter their places and indulge in strong drink, but a 
terrible responsibility is also laid at the door of the 
law-makers, citizen voters, and every one who does 
not exert all his influence, political, social, and reli- 
gious against legalizing such traffic. 

Reader, do you doubt that intoxicating drink pro- 
duces the crimes charged against it % If you do, ex- 
amine well the following figures and facts. 

The Brewers' Congress and the Liquor-Dealers' 
Associations boast of the great revenue they pay for 
the privilege of selling liquors. The amount paid for 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 147 

tavern licenses in Pennsylvania in 1867 was $279,532; 
for beer licenses, §40,482— making a total of $320,015. 
Of tins sum $162,746 was paid in Philadelphia. Dur- 
ing that year, of 36,333 persons arrested in the city of 
Philadelphia, 13,930 were committed to prison for 
drunkenness who were not able to pay their lines, etc., 
but were incarcerated at the expense of the public. 
There were committed to the Philadelphia County 
Prison, from the 1st of January, 1868, to January 1, 
1869, for drunkenness, vagrancy, disorderly conduct, 
and breaches of the peace, 9,220. In the year 1867, 
as already seen, Pennsylvania paid for criminal and 
pauper expenses caused directly by liquor-drinking, 
$2,259,910, or an average of $5 80 for each voter in the 
State. The same year Philadelphia paupers and 
criminals cost $1,500,000, or $11 for each voter. 
What did Philadelphia receive in the way of reve- 
nue from license towards paying this million and 
a half of dollars? Nothing. The money paid for 
licenses went into the State treasury. The State re- 
ceived $317,742 75 for licenses to sell liquor, and paid 
for pauperism and crime caused by the use of strong 
drinks $2,259,910 ; or, in other words, the State from 
licenses received 14 cents, and spent one dollar for 
crime and pauperism. Truly, the State paid dear for 
its whistle. But, to be more specific in our charges 
against the liquor-trade, we will present a few facts 
from official records. 

The report of the Board of State Charities of 
Pennsylvania for 1871, on page 89, says : " The most 
prolific source of disease, poverty, and crime, observ- 



148 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

ing men will acknowledge, is intemperance. In our 
hospitals, as well as in our almshouses and prisons, 
a large portion of the inmates have reached the refuge 
in which they are found by the way of habitual in- 
toxication." . . . " Intemperance, the great scourge 
of society, is, as every one knows, a social vice. Few 
inebriates begin their downward career by purchasing 
the stimulant in quantity, and taking it home to use 
at pleasure or convenience. The habit of its use is 
contracted in some public place where like com- 
panions meet, and where the exhilaration which 
strong drink produces may expand itself into bois- 
terous mirth." 

"The policy of giving licenses to certain parties to 
open taverns, where intoxicating drinks may be par- 
taken of, and gatherings may be accommodated for 
their indulgence, is now in vogue." "The imposts 
exacted for these licenses are a source of considerable 
revenue." . . . On page 90 the report says : " It 
would be difficult to name any practical good which 
results from this system (of licensing liquor-shops), 
unless it be that it furnishes a certain amount of reve- 
nue. Should these wages of iniquity be put into the 
treasury % They are the price of blood, and, in their 
aggregate, would be inadequate to buy fields enough to 
bury the multitudes who are the victims of the dread- 
ful traffic for whosa profits they sell Xh^d people's sanc- 
tion." "And what economist can fail to discern,, 
without any elaborate calculation, that the State is 
impoverished by the whole transaction? There is 
received into the public coliers a small tribute from 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



149 



every man who cares to secure the common authority 
for the prosecution of this pernicious trade, and the 
consequence is that there is lost from the common- 
wealth the productive labor of thousands who waste, 
in the licensed haunts of intemperance, both the 
ability to add to her wealth and the accumulations 
of former thrift." 

INTEMPERANCE AND CRIME — PHILADELPHIA, PA. 

To form an idea of the amount of crime in Philadel- 
phia we give the following : 

Table shotting the number of prisoners and cost for Philadelphia 

county prisons for ten years, from 1861 to 1871, inclusive: 
In the year 1861 there were 16,201 prisoners, costing $50,643 59 



a 


1862 


a 


14,646 


a 


it 


50,745 25 


a 

u 


1863 

1864 


a 
a 


17,219 

14,067 


a 
a 


a 
a 


50,225 95 
58,737 51 


a 

a 
a 


1865 
1866 
1867 


a 
a 

a 


16,142 

19,468 
18,575 


a 
it 

a 


a 

Li 

a 


69,252 51 

103,111 13 

95.276 60 


a 
a 


1868 
1869 




17,620 
18,305 


a 

a 


a 
a 


104,631 63 
105,625 12 


a 


1870 


a 


15,288 


a 


a 


102,680 03 


a 


1871 


a 


13,171 


it 


a 


103,807 55 



The total for ten years was 180,501 prisoners, costing $894,736 92 

Table showing the whole number of prisoners , before and after trial, 
confined in the County Prison of Philadelphia in 1871 : 



Prisoners received for trial. . 

Vagrants 

Disorderly and breach of 

peace 

Intoxication 

Sentenced not to hard labor . 

Sentenced to hard labor 

Sent to Eastern Penitentiary . 
Sent to House of Refuge 

Total 



Males, males, i Total. 



4,423 
649 

1,657 

2,721 

80 

306 

71 

20 



9,974 



1,105 
410 

664 

963 

6 

47 
1 
1 



5,528 
1,059 

2,321 

3,684 

86 

400 

72 

211 



Mode- 
rate 

drink- 
ers. 



Tempe- 
rate. 



135 



3,197 13,171 



151 



Intem- 
perate. 



103 



150 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

By the preceding table 13,171 were sent to the 
county prison of Philadelphia. After deducting the 
5,528 sent for trial, there remained 7,643, of which 
number 3, 684 were committed for intoxication ; there 
were 2,321 cases of disorderly conduct and breach of 
the peace, and 1,059 vagrants. 

Everywhere the testimony is that nine-tenths of all 
cases of vagrancy, disorderly conduct, and breaches 
of the peace are the direct effects of intoxicating 
drinks ; hence 3,042 of the 3,380 cases of these 
offences were due to drink. These, added to the 
cases of intoxication, will give a total of 6,726 cases, 
or 88 per cent., as the direct results of the liquor- 
traffic. 

These startling facts deserve and demand the con- 
sideration of every one in the community, and should 
particularly impress our legislators with the necessity 
of adopting such measures as will tend to change 
this sad and terrible state of affairs, if not for the 
sake of humanity, at least for the financial interests 
of the country. If it costs so much to support our 
helpless, poor, and criminal population, the State 
should take the means to prevent and correct these 
evils. 

The Philadelphia County Prison Report for 1871 
says, page 16: "About the usual proportion of com- 
mitments for the past year may be placed to the 
account, either directly or indirectly, of intemperance. 
There were for intoxication 3,684, against 3,983 for 
1870, 3,546 for 1869, and 2,025 for 1868 ; for vagrancy, 
1,059. against 1,377 for 1870, 1,248 for 1869, and 1,093 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 151 

•for 1863 ; for assault and battery, 1,821, against 1,376 
for 1870, 1,687 for 1869, and 1,482 for 1S6S ; for dis- 
orderly cou duct and breach, of the peace, 2,321, 
against 5,393 for 1870, 7,339 for 1869, and 8,132 for 
1868 ; for assault with intent to kill, 153, against 132 
for 1870, 146 for 1869, and 121 for 1868. Of the entire 
number of commitments (13,171), nearly three-fourths, 
or 9,038, are traceable to intemperance ; drunkenness 
being, with exceptions, a cause of the offences in the 
foregoing list. The aggregate of these offences is con- 
siderably smaller than for the two preceding years, it 
having been in 1S70 12,266 and in 1869 13,987. The fall- 
ing off is chiefly in commitments for breach of the peace 
— a form of commitment which has to some extent 
been abandoned by Committing Magistrates under 
instructions from the Court of Quarter Sessions. It 
would be unfair to assume that the offences alluded 
to are exclusively attributable to intemperance ; for 
crime and vagrancy and prisons are found in 
countries where drunkenness is comparatively rare. 
But it cannot be doubted that the unrestrained mul- 
tiplication of temptations to crime in the unbridled 
sale of alcoholic drinks in our city is a fearful evil." 

Mr. William J. Mullen, the well-known and highly- 
esteemed prison agent, in his report for 1870 says : 
"An evidence of the bad effects of this unholy busi- 
ness may be seen in the fact that there have been 
thirty-four murders within the last year in our city 
alone, each one of which was traceable to intempe- 
rance; and one hundred and twenty-one assaults to 
murder proceeding from the same cause. Of over 



152 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

38,000 arrests in oar city within the year, seventy-five 
per cent, of this number were caused by intempe- 
rance. Of the 18,305 persons committed to onr 
prison within the year, more than two-thirds were the 
consequence of intemperance. Of this number, 2,517 
were for intoxication. The whole number committed 
to our prison for the offence of drunkenness for the 
last twenty years was 184,966 persons. 

' ' The whole amount of blood-money which has been 
paid to our State Teeasueer for the year 1869 for 
license to sell intoxicating liquors in this State was 
§329,211 77, of which over $200,000 was paid by our 
city for the privilege of contributing nearly a million 
and a half of dollars for the support of our criminals 
and pauper population, who are made such by the 
use of intoxicating liquors. If we add to this a fair 
proportion of the expenses of our charitable as well 
as criminal institutions of Philadelphia (a large pro- 
portion of which is in consequence of intemperance), 
we have an expenditure of over $2,500,000." Again 
Mr. Mullen says: " Ignorance and drunkenness are 
the real causes of nearly ail the misery in the world. 
The last is immeasurably worse than all others com- 
bined; for such is the benumbing/ stultifying, and 
crazing effect of inebriating drinks that they change 
a man of reason and feeling into a brutalized monster. 
Hence it is that the ' knife, the dagger, the bludgeon, 
and the pistol are in such frequent use ; and in the 
domestic circle cruelty to children, wife-beating ; and 
in many families at home horrors of every kind.' 
This is lamentably too true, as is proved by the cases 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 153 

that consume the time of our criminal courts, and is 
seen by the condition of society at large. No sooner 
have our courts disposed of one case of murder or 
assassination than the liquor-shops furnish others 
to supply its place." 

INTEMPERANCE AND CRIME — PHILADELPHIA. 

Judge Allison, in a speech delivered at a public 
meeting in November, 1872, speaking of the evils of 
intemperance and the duty of good citizens to join in 
the efforts made to do away with the evils of rum -sell- 
ing and rum-drinking, said : " Intemperance is upon 
our right hand and left ; on the streets, north, south, 
east, and west, we see the lures to destruction, and see 
that in this city to-night men are being hurried to the 
drunkard's grave and the drunkard's doom. Shall 
we be held guiltless if we do not stretch forth our 
hands and use the means we possess to save our per- 
ishing fellow-men % There is a day coming when this 
question cannot be evaded, but must be answered be- 
fore an impartial Judge. The lives of these poor drunk- 
ards will then be in some measure chargeable to us. 
There are few people who see the practical evil as we 
see it in the criminal courts of this city. There we can 
trace four-fifths of the crimes that are committed to 
the influence of rum. There is not one case in twenty 
where a man is tried for his life in which rum is not 
the direct or indirect cause of the murder. Rum and 
blood— I mean the shedding of blood — go hand in 
hand. 



154 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



"Shall we not attempt to remedy this thing? Or 
shall we close our eyes while the agencies for the sale 
of rum are multiplied 1 Rum is already a mighty 
power in this city, and it requires all the power of 
temperance men to put the traffic under bonds." 

The Citizens' Association of Pennsylvania, in their 
report for 1868, estimated, as already seen, that the 
number of inmates in the county jails of Pennsylvania 
was 8,447 ; of penitentiaries, 669 ; or an aggregate in 
both classes of prisons of 9,116, or one person in 
prison for every 402 of the population. The average 
cost of maintaining these prisoners was 44 cents per 
day for each, or a total of $1,464,029 per year, being 
a cost of $2 45 a year to each voter in the State. 

Two -thirds of this cost of crime is estimated by the 
Citizens' Association to be caused by intemperance. 

The number of arrests by the police of Philadelphia 
in 1872-3, by the reports' of Kennard H. Jones, Chief 
of Police, to his Honor Mayor Stokley, was as fol- 
lows : 





1872. 


1873. 


Deer as,\ 
1873. 


Total arrests 


40,007 


30,400 


9,607 


Assaults and battery 


2,358 

205 

4,661 

15,782 
9,769 


2,006 
139 

4,030 

10,077 

7,897 


352 

66 
631 

5,705 

1,872 


Assaults with intent to kill 


Breaches of neace 


Intoxication 


Intoxication and disorderly conduct 

Total cases usually caused, directly or 
indirectly, by liqnor 


32,775 


24,149 


8,626 



Total decrease for intoxication and intoxication and 
disorderly conduct, 7,577. 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DEINKS. 155 

For the year 1873 there was a decrease for all offen- 
ces of 9,607 ; while for the five classes of offences given 
there was a decrease of 8,626, leaving only 981 for 
other offences. 

By these reports we find the whole number of of- 
fences in 1872 was 40,007, of which there were for 
assault and battery, 2,358 ; assault with intent to kill, 
205 ; breaches of the peace, 4,661 ; intoxication, 15,782 ; 
and for intoxication and disorderly conduct, 9,769— a 
total of 32,775 which are directly or indirectly charge- 
able to the sale and use of intoxicating drinks ; the 
15,782 cases of intoxication, and 9,769 for intoxication 
and disorderly conduct, or 25,551 cases caused directly 
by the use of drink, being 63.86 per cent., or nearly 
two-thirds, of all the police cases for 1872. * 

Besides these prisoners, there were 59,674 lodgers at 
the different station-houses during 1872. 

* By examining the reports of Mayor W. S. Stokleyfor the years 1872-3 it will be 
found that of the 40,007 arrests made by the police in 1872, 13,431 were natives of 
Ireland ; and of the 33.400 arrested in 1873, 13,331 were the same nativity. We also 
find the arrests for assaults, breaches of peace, intoxication, and disorderly con- 
duct in 1872 were 3 2,775, but in 1873 only 24,149, or 8,G2S less than in the previous 
year ; and that there were in 1873 5,110 less Irish arrested than in 1872, while 
there was only a decrease of 3,597 Americans, 577 Garmms, and 325 English. Thus 
we find that about five-eighths of the decrease of arrests are those of Irish. 

Why this difference ? By the report of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union's 
fourth annual convention, he'd in Chicago, October 7 and 8, 1874, on page 27, we 
read as follows : 

"In October, 1S72, the Diocesan Union of Philadelphia was composed of five 
societies, with an aggregate membership of 1,10,1. In October, 1873, it *ad increased 
to 29 societies, 20 adult and 9 cadet, with an aggregate membership of 8,i 48. At 
the present date it numbers 57 societies— 34 adult and 23 cadet— with an aggregate 
membership of 12,285, of which 8,577 are adults and 3,7C9 cadels. This is an in- 
crease of 4 adult and 14 cidet societies during the past year, and an increase in the 
aggregate membership of 4,233. 1 here are 1,10J members of non-union societies, 
making a grand total of 1 3,333 total abstainers in Philadelphia." 

Is it not clear that this decrease of arrests of Irishmen is due mainly to the 
existence of the total-abstinence societies of Philadelphia ?— f jr as they have in- 
creased in number and aggregate membership, the arrests chargeable directly to 
intoxicating drinks have proportionately decreased, which is another proof that 
intoxicating drinks cause crime, while total absti e: ce decreases it. 



156 CHIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

It is very safe to say that not less than 40,000 of these 
lodgers were brought to the necessity of seeking shel- 
ter in a police-station by the use of drink. 

Besides the cases before our police courts, brought 
there directly through drink, at least three-fourths of 
the remaining cases were indirectly caused by liquor. 
Of the 23 murders that were committed in Philadel- 
phia in 1872, 20 of them, at the lowest calculation, 
sprang directly or indirectly from the same direful 
cause. The police expenses were $1,246,713 98. Of 
this sum, two-thirds would not be needed if the drink- 
traffic did not exist. To this must be added the ex- 
pense of building the new House of Correction, which 
has cost the city already over $575,000. The House 
of Correction would not be needed but for the use of 
strong drinks ; for, by the reports of the officials of the 
institution, over 80 per cent, of the inmates were 
brought there by intemperance. 

Coroner Brown of Philadelphia, in his report for 
the month of September, 1874, gives the following 
cases of violent deaths : Mary Heron, thrown down- 
stairs ; Mrs. Tozier, shot by her husband ; Eliza- 
beth Carton, beaten to death by her husband ; Simon 
Schmid, struck in the head with a beer-glass. All 
resulted directly from drink, except the case of shoot- 
ing. Thus 3 out of 4 violent deaths in the city of 
Philadelphia, in the space of one month, were caused 
directly by drink. 

The Grand Jury for the December term, 1874, of 
the Court of Quarter Sessions of the City of Phila- 
delphia, in the final presentment, said they "had 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 157 

acted upon 471 bills, of which 324 have been returned 
as true bills, and 147 have been ignored. 

" A large proportion of the cases before us were for 
assault and battery, and in every instance these were 
the direct results of a free and improper use of intoxi- 
cating drinks. Indeed, this liquor-traffic is the ferti- 
lizing source of all crime. It is evident that in a 
community where a considerable proportion of the 
people are unable from various causes to resist the 
temptation which beguiles them at every corner, there 
should be proper safeguards as a defence for the weak 
ones. In the protection of society from the devasta- 
tions of this river of fire, it may yet be necessary to 
hold the liquor-seller to a criminal responsibility for 
the crimes committed under the influence of liquors 
sold by him or them. 

' ' Society must be protected, purified, and elevated 
from present conditions by wise, intelligent, and far- 
reaching agencies, religious, social, and legislative. It 
is a noticeable fact that a very considerable number 
of these crimes were committed on the Sabbath day ; 
so that the historic consequences which in all ages 
have followed Sabbath desecration are ripening their 
poison-fruit in our midst. Statistics w T ell kept con- 
stantly show that no legislation of city or State, no 
social or human contrivance, can for a moment arrest 
the certain punishment which marches like an armed 
giant in the path of an ever-present divine retribu- 
tion. The Sabbath of God cannot be desecrated with 
impunity by either individuals, corporations, or gov- 
ernments. 



15S CHIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

" A growing evil and fruitful source of crime in our 
city arises from the thousands of idle, vagrant youth 
who wander about the city and congregate in dens of 
infamy. These are the products, for the most part, 
of broken and disrupted families, shattered and con- 
sumed by the liquid fires of rum. This is a dangerous 
element in our midst, young, vigorous, and, to some 
extent, equipped. The well-being of our city impera- 
tively demands the instant suppression of the dens 
where these youths are harbored and the lowest in- 
stincts ministered to and trained to crime. It is clear 
that when, from crime or other causes, the parent ceases 
to control or to provide for, educate, and properly 
train the child, then the State or city government be- 
comes of right and duty the parent, and is bound to 
enter fully into all the responsibilities and relation- 
ship of parent to child. What, then, shall be said of 
the city parent, rich in palace homes, and overflowing 
with wealth and prosperity, yet with 15,000 of her 
youth beggars, thieves, homeless \ The only remedy 
at our hand is Compulsory Education ; not a house 
of correction, but a school. Ignorance is very expen- 
sive ; crime still more so. Juvenile crime is the most 
expensive. In a mere dollar sense it would cost much 
less to the taxpayer to arrest, confine, and educate 
into societary salvation these children of the street 
and den than it now does under the present condi- 
tions. These wretched outcasts are the city's chil- 
dren/' 

By the report of the Board of Public Charities of 
Pennsylvania for 1872 we learn that of the' 240 in- 






CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 159 

mates in the Eastern Penitentiary, the habits of 75 
were sober, 6Q moderate drinkers, and 99 intemperate. 
Of the 213 inmates of the Western Penitentiary, 63 
are reported as sober in their habits, 60 as moderate 
drinkers, and 90 intemperate. Nor is this merely an 
accidental proportion of one year ; for by the report 
of 1870 we find that for the nine years from 1860 to 
1869 there were sent to the Western Penitentiary 1,500 
convicts, whose habits are reported as follows : 

Abstainers from liquors, 589 

Moderate drinkers, 274 

Intemperate, 637 

Total, . . 1,500 

By the report of 1871 we find that in 1870 144 con- 
victs were sent to that institution, whose habits were 
given as — 

Abstainers from liquors, 39 

Moderate drinkers, 55 

Occasionally intemperate, 17 

Intemperate, . . ... . . .33 

Total, 144 

In the Eastern Penitentiary, the same year, there 
were 315 convicts ; their habits are given as — 

Abstainers from liquors, . . . . .24 

Moderate drinkers, 210 

Occasionally intemperate, 16 

Intemperate, . . 63 

Total, * . .315 

By the report for 1872 of the Board of State Chari- 
ties of Pennsylvania, the numbers of convicts sent to 
Eastern and Western Penitentiaries were as follows : 



160 CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



Habits. 


Western. 
Penitential y. 


Eastern 
Penitentiary. 


T>'al. 


Per ce^it. 
iu b.ith.. 


Sober, 


63 


75 


133 


30.46 


Moderate, 


60 


66 


120 


27.82 


Intemperate, . 


90 


99 


139 


41.72 



Total, ... 213 240 453 

By the report of 1871 of tlie Western House of 
Refuge, of the 224 inmates, the parents of 76 were 
intemperate. The report of the State Charities, on 
page 91, says : 

"We have spoken of intemperance as a fruitful 
source of pauperism and crime, and it is doubtless 
the proximate cause of nine-tenths of the idleness, 
brutality, and vice which affect society." The re- 
port might with equal truth have added that it was 
the cause of four-fifths of all crime. The figures 
given above of the convicts to the penitentiaries 
yon may say do not show so large a proportion 
of intemperate. But it must be remembered that 
we cannot by the convicts sent to the penitentiaries 
arrive at the amount of crime directly or indirectly 
the result of intoxicating drinks. These criminals are 
for a different class of crimes, and are an entirely dif- 
ferent class of persons from those sent to our county 
prisons. The class of criminals, as burglars, gam- 
blers, counterfeiters, etc., who require a steady hand 
and a clear brain to be able to pursue their avocations 
successfully, must abstain from drink ; and these are 
the abstainers and moderate drinkers reported. The 
convicts sent to the penitentiaries are not one-tenth of 
the criminals committed, and it is safe to assert that 
not less than three-fourths of all the crime commuted 



CEIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DItlNKS. 101 

in tlie State of Pennsylvania, and in every other State 
in the Union, is directly caused by drink. Again, the 
greater amount of crime caused by intemperance is 
never brought into our courts, but is settled before it 
ever reaches them. Hence it is impossible to fully 
estimate the vice and crime caused in any community 
by strong drinks, and any statistics we may be able to 
collect on the subject will fall short of the truth ; for it 
is utterly impossible to estimate the extent of the vice 
and crime directly caused by the use of alcoholic 
drinks, and much less what is indirectly the result of 
the same cause. The city of New York is perhaps 
not behind any city in the Union for its number of 
liquor-shops and the results following from them, of the 
extent of which we may form a slight idea when we 
reflect that there were, in 1867, 5,203 places where 
liquor was publicly sold, each of which receives the 
daily average of 134 visits. These visits are not imagi- 
nary; for Superintendent Kennedy placed police-officers 
ov^r 223 licensed liquor establishments to observe how 
many entered into those places, when it was found that 
the average visits to each were, as already said, 134 
daily, or 218,221,226 visits annually. The number of 
arrests by the police for the year ending October, 
1868, was 98,861, of which 50,844 were for intoxication 
and disorderly conduct. In addition to the licensed 
liquor-shops, there were 647 houses of ill-fame and 
1,678 billiard-saloons. Mr. Oliver Dyer, in a lecture 
on " The Wickedness of New York," said the liquor- 
shops of New York would line both sides of a street 
running from the Battery out eight miles into West- 



162 CEIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 

Chester County. The Commissioners of the Metropoli- 
tan Police reported for 1867 that there were 80,532 
arrests, 21,589 of whom were women and 58,948 men. 
Of the women arrested, 1,056 were for assault and bat- 
tery, 62 for felonious assaults, 6 for robbery, 6 for 
murder, 7,529 for disorderly conduct, 4,075 for intoxi- 
cation, 3,294 for intoxication and disorderly conduct, 
1,199 for petty larceny, and 491 for grand larceny. 
Does not this plainly show the demoralizing influence 
of strong drinks \ Of the men arrested, 17, 604 were 
for intoxication and 13,233 for disorderly conduct. 
These men were not all uneducated and of the crimi- 
nal classes ; for amongst them were 30 editors and 8 
clergymen.- Taxpayers, are you willing to pay your 
hard-earned money to support a system that produces 
so much crime % Christian men and women, can you 
longer give countenance and support to so great a sin- 
engendering cause as the traffic in strong drinks ? Can 
you stand idly by and do nothing to free our country 
from this blighting, withering curse % The arrests in 
the city of New York in 1871 numbered 75,692 ; 34,696 
were for intoxication and disorderly conduct, the 
direct consequence of the millions of dollars expended 
for intoxicating drinks. Besides these arrests ; there 
were 141,780 persons who lodged at the different lodg- 
ing-houses. It can hardly be supposed that this vast 
multitude would need to seek shelter in such places if 
the millions spent for liquor had been kept in the 
pockets of those who spent them, or if they had been 
expended for useful and necessary products of our in- 
dustries ; neither would there have been one-tenth of 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



163 



the arrests made. There is certainly a defect in the 
social system, something radically wrong in onr gov- 
ernment, that such fruits shouldbe produced. Thirty- 
four thousand drunken persons arrested in one year 
for that vice in one city alone, with tens of thousands 
wandering about the streets with no place to rest their 
weary heads, which must keep an. army of upward of 
three thousand police to look after these poor victims 
of the rum-traffic, for which are paid nearly three and a 
half millions of dollars a year ! And still the cry is 
for more houses to shelter the homeless. Two million 
dollars are spent annually by the State Board of Chari- 
ties and Correction. Of the 24,166 persons relieved 
out of the streets of iSTew York, sixteen thousand were 
children. The average population of the New York 
hospitals, asylums, nurseries, prisons, reformatories, 
etc., is 8,840. Not do matters grow better in this re- 
spect, as is evidenced by the report of Commissioner 
Stern, which was adopted January, 1874, by the Board 
of Charities and Correction of New York. By this re- 
port we are informed that the number of persons com- 
mitted to the workhouse on Blackwell' s Island more 
than live times for intoxication, from January 1, 1870, 
to Januarv 1, 1874, was as follows : 





Males 


Committed. 






Males Committed. 


103 


, , 


G times before. 


1 


, 


3!) times before 


28 


# , 


7 


iC 


a 


2 




50 


it t 


162 




8 


a 


a 


1 


, 


40 


tt a 


5 


, , 


9 


a 


it 


1 


, 


70 


it it 


181 




10 


it 


tt 


1 


. 


75 


It tt 


IG 


. 


12 


tt 


it 


1 


, 


. 80 


it u 


21 


, 


15 


a 


a 


1 


, 


. 100 


tt it 


27 


. , 


20 


a 


u 


— , 








4 


. 


25 


a 


u 


5l;0 total. 







104 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 



Females Committed. 




Females 


Committed. 


3,702 


. 6 


times. 


10 . . .25 times 


602 


. 7 


a 


5 






26 " 


1,437 


. 8 


a 


1 






28 " 


172 


. 9 


a 


1 






29 " 


1,157 


. 10 


a 


36 






. 30 " 


31 


. 11 


a 


91 






40 " 


749 


. 12 


a 


1 






41 " 


13 


. 13 


a 


1 






48 " 


46 


. 14 


a 


1 






49 " 


37 


. 15 


it 


14 






50 " 


28 


. 16 


it 


1 






58 " 


7 


. 17 


a 


19 






60 " 


33 


. 18 


it 


1 






70 " 


5 


. 19 


ti 


1 






80 " 


762 


. 20 


a 


1 






86 « 


1 


. 21 


tt 


29 




100 " 


7 


. 22 


a 





1 


. 23 


it 


9,006 total. 


3 


. 24 


u 











Meyer Stern, the commissioner,' says : 
' ' Tliat account speaks volumes for itself. The 
tale it tells of male drunkards being recommitted to 
prison from one hundred times down to six times, 
of whom one hundred and eighty- one offenders were 
recommitted ten times, is dreadful to contemplate. 
But this tale of horror is put entirely in the shade 
— it is lost sight of — if placed side by side with the 
statistics of female arrests. While 580 male per- 
sons were committed for intoxication daring the 
past three years, there were arrested 9,006 females 
— sixteen times as many. Of the former, one was 
rearrested one hundred times for the same offence ; 
of the female drunkards, twenty-nine had to be 
rearrested one hundred times ; and this fearful 
proportion is observed all through. Is not this 
sufficient evidence of a deplorable defect in the 
present law, and which we must by all means try 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 165 

to remedy?" Fellow-citizens, it is by your will 
these things exist. Yon are the sovereigns ; the 
power is in your hands to remove or still keep this 
terrible drink-shop system, that may make your 
sons, your daughters, and your wives, ay, your- 
selves, equal to the worst of the poor victims of 
the poisonous cup that were brought down to oc- 
cupy the cells of Blackwell's Island Workhouse 
for the hundredth time. Oh ! think of New York 
City alone, with its 5,203 licensed liquor-dens, and 
perhaps as many more unlicensed; also of its 40,000 
destitute, outcast, homeless children ; of its 647 
houses of ill-fame ; its 6,929 cases of assault and 
battery by men and women ; of the 98,861 arrests, 
nine-tenths of which are the result of drink. 

This crime and degradation is not confined to 
New York alone or Philadelphia; all over our fair 
land intoxicating drinks are breathing their terri- 
ble upas breath, blasting all that is fair or lovely. 
Nine- tenths of all the crime, the vice, and degra- 
dation of our country are chargeable to strong 
drink. Bronning, the Boston wife-murderer, con- 
fessed that he beat his wife to death because she 
would not give him her hard earnings to spend 
for drink. Mr. Edmund, warden of New York City 
prison, said three-fourths of all offences are directly 
or indirectly caused by intoxicating drinks. Oscar 
Tyler, sheriff of Albany, said eight-tenths of per- 
sons committed to Albany county jail were in con- 
sequence of the use of liquors. Sethi Clarks, jailer 
of Buffalo, said nine-tenths ol the crime in that 



166 CKIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DEINKS. 

county had its origin in intemperance. J. C. Cole 
and S. H. H. Parsons, police justices of Albany, 
said that three-fourths of all offences are the re- 
sult of the use of liquors. So we may pass from 
county to county, from State to State, and the 
answer from all will be that from four- fifths to 
nine-tenths of all criminal and other offences are 
caused by strong drink. 

This relation of the use of intoxicating drinks to 
the production of crime is not accidental, but the 
direct and essential result of their nature and inevi- 
table tendency. The mass of crime produced by the 
use of drink was not committed by persons in a 
positive state of drunkenness, but by far the greater 
part when the person was just sufficiently under its 
influence to arouse the lower passions and propen- 
sities to the degree when men are easily tempted 
to do evil and readily provoked to acts oi* violence, 
who, but for the excitement of the liquor, would have 
been able to resist the impulse to do wrong. 

It is in the blunting of the mental and moral facul- 
ties of man, and in exciting the passions, that the 
triumphs of drink consist. Burke, the notorious 
Irish murderer, said he never felt remorse of con- 
science but once ; when about to kill an infant, it 
smiled in his face. That smile of innocence touched 
his stony heart. He could not perpetrate the cruel 
act. But he drank a glass of brandy. That one 
glass stifled his conscience and blunted all feelings 
of pity; he then committed the cruel act without 
pity, without remorse. Bishop and his partner in 



CRIME CAUSED BY INTOXICATING DRINKS. 167 

crime, before they undertook to murder the Italian 
boy, prepared themselves by imbibing plentifully of 
gin. Few indeed are the criminals, in this or any 
other country, who have not had to charge the use 
of alcoholic drinks, directly or indirectly, with being 
the cause of their ruin. 



CHAPTER XII. 

INTOXICATING DRINKS, AND THE TRAFFIC IN THEM, 
DESTROY THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION. 

The success of a republican government depends 
mainly upon the education of the people. Unless 
the citizens are intelligent, a free government is 
always in clanger. It is the character of the citizens 
that makes states and unmakes them ; and as charac- 
ter is mainly formed by education, it is of first im- 
portance that all should be well educated. ISTo 
matter how little or how much we have # investigated 
the subject, this truth meets us everywhere. 

The founders of this Republic no doubt felt the 
need of right education ; and had not slavery existed, 
they would undoubtedly have inaugurated a general 
system of education under the control of the General 
Government. But as this, under the circumstances, 
could not be done, it was left to the regulation of 
the several States. Hence the effect of this policy is 
now very readily seen in the general characters of 
the natives of the different States in the Union. The 
States first to adopt the free-school system are among 
the most prosperous, and their citizens the most 
wealthy, sober, intelligent, moral, religious, and 
happy. In most States now provisions are made 
for the general education of the people and free 

163 



INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 1G9 

schools for the children ; yet, with all the means that 
have been adopted, there were, in 1870, 4,528,084 per- 
sons, ten years old and upwards, who eonld not read, 
and 5,658,144* who could not write ; and what is tlie 
most startling in these figures is that 4,880,271 of 
these persons who cannot write, over ten years of 
age, are natives of the United States. The foreign-born 
who cannot write are 777,873. True, our educational 
system is not complete or perfect, and there is room 
for much improvement ; yet, all circumstances con- 
sidered, it is equal to that of almost any other 
country. Notwithstanding all our educational ad- 
vantages, and that our schools are multiplying 
yearly, there is an almost equal demand for jails 
and penitentiaries ; and prison statistics inform us 
that the inmates of these institutions are yearly in- 
creasing. What is the cause of this \ Go where you 
will, in almost every State there are two entirely 
opposite systems of education; and though each 
antagonizes the other, yet both are established by 
law, and both are fostered and encouraged by the 
customs of society, and more or less by the people 
of every rank and station throughout the nation. 

Both these systems of education cost vast sums of 
money to support them. The first of these is the 
free or public school, which is the embodiment of the 
enlightened ideas of the learned and good of all ages, 
and whose nature, tendency, and results are to pro- 
duce citizens of superior character, to promote the 

* Compeacl. Ninth Census Report v page 456. 



170 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 

welfare of all, to build up and strengthen the power 
and influence of the State. 

The other system of education is embodied in the 
dram-shops of our country, that are now so flourish- 
ing under the protection of our Christianized and 
civilized governments, and licensed by them to edu- 
cate and make worthless citizens, spread over the 
States a deluge of corruption and death, destroy- 
ing the influence of the former system of education 
or changing much of the good produced by it to 
evil. 

There are in the United States 141,629 schools,* 
with 221,042 teachers and 7,209,938 pupils, costing 
$95,402,720. Of these schools, 125,059 are public 
schools, with 183,193 teachers, 6,228,060 pupils, cost- 
ing $64,030,673. 

Of the population of the United States, f 12,955,443 
are between the ages of 5 and 18 years — the school 
age ; but we find that only 6,228,060, or little more 
than half of those of school age, attend the public 
school, and only 7,209,938 attend all the schools, 
colleges, etc., in the country, leaving 4,845,505 
of school age who do not attend school at all. 
Why are they not at school % Some of them may be 
engaged in various occupations. True, 739,640 be- 
tween 10 and 15 years are engaged in labor of some 
kind. But it is safe to say that more than three 
millions who ought to be at school are not en- 
gaged in any occupation of benefit to themselves, 
their parents, or the state. What are the parents 

* Compend. Census Rory rt 1870, pp. 437-492. t Pp. 452-453. 






INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 171 

of these children 1 To whom do those dirty, ragged, 
and forlorn-looking children belong who are running 
about the streets, alleys, and by-places of our cities ? 
Ninety-nine hundredths of them are children of the 
intemperate, who have no care either for their bodies 
or their souls ; their only desire being to obtain drink 
to stupefy their senses to forgetfulness. But are 
these children uninstructed ? Alas ! for them and 
the welfare of society, no ; they are early educated 
in the schools of crime and nurseries of depravity — 
the streets. They are taught to live by begging or 
theft, and before they are fairly in their teens are 
adepts in crime, steeped in depravity and sin, and 
soon become graduates in those high-schools and 
colleges of sin and . debauchery — the liquor-shops 
and low dance-houses. 

Our schools and colleges will be inoperative and 
fail to elevate our people so long as these schools of 
vice and nurseries of crime— the drinking-shops— are 
allowed on every hand. For the drink-shops not 
only close the doors of our schools against the 
children, but they destroy much of the good pro- 
duced by the schools by deadening- the intellects of 
our citizens and rendering education and knowledge 
that has been acquired useless. We may build our 
school-houses on the most improved style of archi- 
tecture, and place in them the best teachers that 
the highest salaries can command ; and, when all is 
done, we shall fail to educate and produce citizens 
that are industrious, intelligent, honest, and virtuous, 
so long as the other system of education is allowed 



172 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTEOYED. 

to exist, and the law sanctions and allows the schools 
of immorality and vice to stand side by side with our 
free schools and colleges. What egregious folly for 
grave legislators to enact one law to educate our 
children in science, knowledge, and virtue, and 
another set to undermine and destroy the benefits 
of the first ! Why should we take such pains and 
go to so much expense to do good, and then at 
much more expense to undo the good done 1 This 
table of schools, etc., in the United States is com- 
piled from the Census Returns of 1870 * and Inter- 
nal Revenue Report, and includes statistics of all 
classes of schools, 1870. 

* Census Ecport, 1S70, page 450. 



INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 



173 



TABLE XXII. 








No. 


No. 
Teach- 
ers. 


No. 


Total Cost 


No. 
Retail 


Cost of 
Liquors in 




Schools 

| 


Pupils. 


Expenses. 


1 Liquor- 
i Sellers 

1 


States and 
Territories. 

1 








| 


1 DnPars. 


~ 


! 

1 DoFarp. 


United States, 


141,629 221,042 7,209,938 95,402,726 


143,115 715,575,000 


Alabama, 


2,969 3,364 


75,866 


976,351 


1,976 


9,880,000 


Arizona, 


1 


7 


132 


6,000 


119 


595,000 


'Arkansas, 


1,978 


2,297 


81,526 


631,962 


2,000 


10,000,000 


California, 


1,548 2,444 


85,507 


2,946,308 


5,845 


29,225,000 


Colorado, 


142; 188 


5,033 ' 87;915 


371 


2,225,000 


Connecticut, 


1,917 2,926 


03,621 1 1,856,279 


3,352 


16,760,000 


j Dakota, 


35 j 52 


1,255 9,284 


82 


410,000 


Delaware, 


375 ! 510 


19,5751 212,712 


368 


1,840,000 


District of Columbia, 


313; 573 


19,503; 811,242 


1,087 


5,435,000 


Florida, 


377 482 


14,670 154,569 


580 


2,900,000 


: Georgia, 


1,880 2,4B2 


63,150 1,253,299 


2,737 


13,S35,000 


; Idaho, . 


25 


33 


1,208 19,938 


244 


1,220,000 


Illinois, 


11,835 


24,056 


767,775 9,970,009 


8,565 


42,825,000 


Indiana, 


9,073 


11,652 


464,477 


2,499,511 


4,444 


22,220,000 


Iowa, 


7,496 


9,319 


217,654 


3,570,093 


3,073 


15,385,000 


Kansas, 


1,689 


1,955 


59,882 


787,226 


1,117 


5,585,000 


Kentucky, 


5,149 


6,346 


245,139 


2,538,429 


4,761 


23,805,000 


Louisiana, 


592 


1,902 


60,171 


1.199,684 


4,414 


22,070,000 


Maine, 


4,723 


6,986 


162,636 


1,106,203 


843 


4,215,000 


Maryland, 


1,779 3,287 


107,384 


1,993,215 


4,285 


21,435,000 


Massachusetts, 


5,726 


7,561 


269,337 


4,817,939 


5,039 


25,195,000' 


Michigan, 


5,595 


9,559 


266,627 


2,550,018 


5,020 


25, 100. ooo ; 


Minnesota, 


2,479 


2,8S6 


107,286 


1,011,769 


1,931 


9,655,000 


Mississippi, . 


1,564 1,728 


43,451 


780,330 


1,807 


9,035,000| 


Missouri, 


6,750 9,028 


370,337 


4,340,805 


5,883 


29,440,000' 


Montana, 


54 65 


1,746' 41,170 


449 


2,445,0001 


Nebraska, 


796 ' 840 


17,614! 207,560 


635 


3,175,000 


Nevada, 


53 84 


2,3731 110,493 


658 


3,290,000; 


New Hampshire, 


2,542; 3,355 


04,6771 574,898 


1,161 


5,805,000 


New Jersey, 


1,893 ! 3,889 


129,800 2,982,250 


5,649 


28,245,000 


New Mexico, 


44 72 


1,798' 29,886 


418 


2,090,000 


New York, 


13, 020 2S,918 


833,02315,936,783 


21,318 105,290;000 


North Carolina, . 


2,1611 2,692 


61,958; 635,892 


1,315 


6,575,000 


Ohio, 


11,952! 23,589 


790,79510,244,614 


11,769 


58,805,000 


Oregon, 


637 826 


32,593 


248,022 


738 


3,690,000 


Pennsylvania, 


14,872! 19,522 


811,863 


9,628,119 


13,015 


05,075,000 


Rhodo Island, 


561 951 


32,596 


565,012 


727 


3,635,000 


South Carolina, 


750 1,103 


38,249 


577,953 


1,535 


7,825,000 


Tennessee, 


2,794' 3,587 


125,831 


1,650,693 


2,6S4 


13, 420, 000 1 


Texas, 


548 i 706 


23,076 


414,880 


2,188 


14,840,000 


Utah, . 


267 408 


21,067 


150,447 


128 


640,000 


Vermont, 


3,084 


5,160 


62,913 


707,292 


540 


2,700,000 


Virginia, 


2,024 


2,697 


60,019 


1,155,585 


3.314 


16,570,000 


Washington, 


170 


197 


5,499 


48,302 


2-4 


1,120,000 


West Virginia, 


2,445 


2,838 


104,949 


698,061 


543 


2,715,000 


Wisconsin, . 


4,943 


7,955 


344,014 


2,600,310 


3,864 


19,320,1 H )0 


Wyoming, 


9 15 


305 


8,376 


236 


1,180,000 



174 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 

To illustrate the effects of these two antagonis- 
tic systems of education we will examine a few 
figures to show their operation in Pennsylvania. 

By report of the State Superintendent of Com- 
mon Schools for 1873 there were in the State, in 
1872, 14,415 schools, with 699,802 pupils and an 
average attendance of 464,127, and 7,674 male 
teachers and 9,110 female teachers— a total of 
16,784 teachers. Total expenditures for common, 
school purposes, $6,620,498 13. These are exclu- 
sive of Philadelphia. 

For the city and county of Philadelphia for 
1872 there were 1,630 schools; the whole num- 
ber of pupils registered in 1872, 139,924 ; the whole 
number belonging to the schools at the beginning 
of the year, 80,364 ; the number of pupils at the 
close of the year, 84,387; average attendance, 72,025. 
The whole number of male teachers, 78 ; whole num- 
ber female teachers, 1,552 ; the total expenses for 
school purposes, $1,576,199 74. The total educa- 
tional institutions of the State in 1872 were 16,090; 
teachers, etc., 18,783 ; pupils and students, average at- 
tendance, 542,076; the cost for educational expenses, 
$8,399,724. 

Let us briefly examine the picture of the other 
educational system. There were licensed in 1872 
in Pennsylvania 15,745 of those schools of drunk- 
enness and debauchery, the retail liquor-shops — and 
861 wholesale liquor establishments. Allowing that 
three persons are engaged in each wholesale place, 
and two in each retail shop, there will be employed 



INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 175 

in selling intoxicating drinks not less than 31,490 
by the sanction and protection of the State. 
There are, at the lowest calculation, one-half 
as many unlicensed liquor-shops as there are 
licensed, or about 7,000, one-half of which, or more, 
are in Philadelphia. If two persons are employed 
in each, it will make 14,000 persons more engaged 
in selling unlawful liquor, or a total of 45,490 liquor- 
venders. If each liquor-shop has four drunkards 
and 30 tipplers, we have in the State 94,424 drunk- 
ards and 708,180 tipplers. The total in the State 
is not less than 802,604 males who are drunkards, 
tipplers, and sots, besides not less than one- 
fourth as many females who are tipplers and 
drunkards, and many of them worse than the worst 
of the males. The direct cost in the State is not 
less than eighty million dollars ($80,000,000). 

RECAPITULATION OF THE TWO EDUCATIONAL 
SYSTEMS. 

Education in Knowledge and Virtue. i Education In Immorality and Vice. 
Schools, colleges, etc., in l Drinking-places in Penn- 

Pennsylvania, ; . 16,090 | sylvania, . . . ' . 23,606 

Professors and teachers, . 18,783 Employed in liquor-shops, 45,490 

Pupils and students, etc., j Tipplers and drunkards, . 803,604 

in regular attendance, . 542,076 j The direct cost of liquors 
Cost for educational pur- in Pennsylvania, . $S0,000,000 

poses in Pennsylvania, §8,399,723 [ 

Thus Pennsylvania has only about two-thirds 
as many schools, academies, colleges, etc., as 
there are liquor-shops ; and more than twice as 
many persons are employed in dealing out intoxicat- 
ing drinks in those schools of vice and immorality 



176 IXELUEXCE OF EDUCATION" DESTROYED. 

as are engaged in schools and other educational 
institutions ; and nearly twice the number of 
tipplers and drunkards are attending these schools 
of drunkenness and immorality as attended 
all the schools, academies, and colleges in the 
State ; and there was spent for those liquid 
poisons sold in our licensed drunkard-making 
manufactories alone ten times more than the cost 
for true educational purposes. 

After carefully examining these figures, can any 
one wonder that, with all our educational facilities, 
we have hitherto failed to have a conrmunity com- 
posed of sober, honest, intelligent, and industrious 
citizens ; that the more our educational improve- 
ments have augmented, the more have crime and cri- 
minals increased ? 

Though within the last twenty years our teachers 
have increased from 25 to 30 per cent., and pupils 
attending schools more than 50 per cent., yet crime 
has increased about 60 per cent. 

Of 626* convicts in the Eastern Penitentiary, Penn- 
sylvania, 390, or 62.30 per cent., had attended public 
schools ; 169, or 25.40 per cent., had attended private 
schools; and 77, or 12.30 per cent., never went to 
school. 

There were admitted in 1868 into the Houses of 
Refuge, in Pennsylvania, 536 children, whose ages 
averaged 14*4 years, of which 57 did not know the 
alphabet, 92 knew only the alphabet, 262 could read 



* From a table prepared by John S. IIolloway ; Esq., Warden cf the Eastern Peni- 
tentiary of Pennsylvania. 



INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 177 

poorly, 21 read well, 246 could not write, 177 wrote 
poorly, 94 tolerably, and 19 well. 

The county superintendents of common schools of 
41 counties visited the almshouses and jails of those 
counties, and found in the almshouses 2,809 persons 
over ten years .of age, of whom 1,181 could not read, 
1,189 could read a little, 412 well, and 70 were good 
scholars. In the jails there were 1,601 inmates, of 
whom 434 could not read, 540 could read a little, 504 
well, and 123 were good scholars. Of the 291 con- 
victs in the Eastern Penitentiary, 62 were illiterate, 
24 could only read, 203 could read and write, and 2 
well educated ; and of the 5,975 convicts received 
in this prison, 1,210 were illiterate, 1,019 could read 
only, 3,714 could read and write, and 32 were well 
instructed. 

Is there not a distinct relation existing between 
ignorance and crime % Tens of thousands of the chil- 
dren in the State of Pennsylvania do not attend 
school, though ample provisions are made by the 
State for the education of every child or person be- 
tween 5 and 21 years. In the city of Philadelphia, 
out of 150,000 children between the ages of 6 and 18 
years, 20,534 attended neither public nor private 
schools. Of these 20,534 nearly 11,000 were between 
the ages of 6 and 12 years ; showing that it was not 
really necessary that they should be kept from school 
in order to earn their support. It may be safe to 
estimate that there are from seventy-five to eighty 
.thousand children in the State of Pennsylvania who 
do not attend school. 



178 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 

If these children are left uneducated, the majority 
will find their way either to our jails or poorhouses. 
Why are they not at school % Nine-tenths, no doubt, 
are children of intemperate parents." By the unani- 
mous judgment of the officials of juvenile reforma- 
tories, 95 per cent, of the inmates of those institu- 
tions came from idle, ignorant, vicious, and drunken 
homes. Almost all the children are truant from 
school at the time of their committal, have been 
habitually idlers on the street, or the children of 
besotted and ignorant parents. 



The average number of inmates in the year 1870 
was 556. The average yearly cost, including all ex- 
penses, except those of a permanent character, and 
including earnings, was $125 43 each, and, deducting 
earnings, $79 75, or a total of $44,340 for the year 
1870. 

The admissions were 200 white boys, 38 white girls, 
53 colored boys, and 21 colored girls. 

From the report we find that 5 had used intoxicat- 
ing drinks, and nearly all tobacco ; 60 had attended 
theatres, 90 were truant-players, 7 had been home- 
less, and nearly all professional idlers ; 217 had at- 
tended public schools, but nearly half were confirmed 
truants. In many cases the influence of profligate 
and intemperate parents corrupted them and gave, 
as it were, a sanction to their own vices. 

The average number of inmates in the Western 
House of Hefuge of Pennsylvania in 1870 was 224, 



INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 179 

and the per capita cost, including all expenses, ex- 
cepting those for permanent improvement, was §201. 

The number of admissions was 148, viz. , 106 white 
boys and 30 girls ; and 9 colored boys and 3 girls. 
The average age on admission of all the inmates was 
13 years and 3 months. The report * says : ' ' We 
thus find that in the case of the parents of those 
admitted, as far as could be ascertained, 76 parents 
were intemperate, 27 habitually quarrelsome, 15 had 
been in prison, 17 were paupers, 7 had been separat- 
ed, 4 had been insane, and all of the parents cf 
these children but 47 could read and write. 

"With respect to the early habits, early training 
and associations of their childhood, it is recorded 
that 37 had used intoxicating drinks, 74 had used 
tobacco, 87 visited theatres, 76 were truant-players, 
91 had been idlers, 98 used profane language, 16 had 
no homes, 13 had been previously arrested, 23 had 
relatives in prison, 87 had been reared in the family, 
and 41 among strangers. The causes assigned for 
these vices are idle habits and bad companions/' 

* From the Report of Board of State Charities of Pennsylvania, 1871. 



180 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 

TABLE XXIII. 

Statistics cf Juvenile Reformatories in the United States for 1369, 
compiled from Tables prepared by B. K. Pierce, D.D., to accom- 
pany Ids paper entitled " A Vieiv of Preventive and Beformaiory 
Institutions in the United States." 



State. 


Title. 


o 

9 

>t 



a, 

£ 

K 

a 

09 

02 

f- 

V 

a 

o 

o 

d 


i 

CO 

3j 

p 

a 

n 
« 

O 

i 

a 

c3 

8 

5 


Percentage of 


s 

i 

o 
>> 
u 
o 

SH 

09 

p, 
o 

Bh 

o 

p. 

+3 
03 

O 

O 


! 

Total Expcnditurt; for 18C9. 


1 
3 
p. 

| 

n 
cJ 

3 

P4 


a 

o 

% 

•a 

o 

03 

O o' 
|| 

O M 

(3 


P 
8 

m 

p 

M> 

"3 
o 


g 

ci 

U 

P 
ta 

"3 

Pi 

o 

PR 


California.. 
iConiiectic't 

1 Illinois 

Indiana... . 
Kentucky. 
| Louisiana.. 


Industrial School 

Srate Keform School. . . . 
Chicago Reform School 

House of Refuge 

House of Refuge 

House of Refuge 

>tate Reform School 


18 

17 

25 
13 

17 
16 
40 
27 
19 
10 
25 
24 
26 
10 
26 
54 
55 
27 
23 
30 

8 
16 
10 
23 
19 

7 


192 
255 
221 

"m 

"185*' 

340^ 

307 

264 

140 

273 

273 

183 

101 

67 
584 
848 
623 
517 
193 
330 

12 
501 
118 
219 
221 

87 
163 


6.10 
40. 
47.62 

19." 

20. ' ' 

35.50 
33. 

50." 

26.00 

16. 

16. 

34.75 

8. 



29.15 
31.30 

1." 

23." 

27.77 


29." 
4. 

5." 

6." 

10.34 

8. 

20." 
31. 


26.00 
.02 

2." 

5." 
6 02 
.12 
7 
.016 

8." 
10.' 


50 

14 
41 

40 
57 
75 
68 
50 

60 

50 


•• 


Dol- 
lars 
138 00 
150 00 
114 00 
150 00 
SO 00 

ii6'63 

112 83 
171 CO 
192 40 
170 56 

215*27 

155 00 
153 >i0 

113 0J 

128 78 
131 CO 

114 00 

133' 00 

118' CO 
150 42 
251 00 
196 00 
194 00 
157 00 


Dollars. 
28.193 00 
53,115 30 
25,150 0? 
53,016 27 
24,055 74 

26,000 00 
39,476 03 
52,80J 00 
51, 50 J 00 
23,891 39 

' 41 OCO TO 
39,466 77 
15,701 00 
19,989 46 
63,675 (d 

1(9 204 10 
82,865 00 
f 9,003 00 
41,743 27 
43 805 0J 

59.131 00 

19 834 99 
56.940 00 
43 380 27 
16,877 06 
25 036 00 

1,114,911 65 

To^al cost 

for 
one year. 

1 


Maryland .. 
Massa'setts 

Michigan... 

Missouri. . . . 
New Ham'e 
New Jersey 

New York . 

Ohio 

Penn'vania. 

■Bh-dc M'd 

j Vermont.. . 

j Wisconsin.. 


House of Refuge 

State Reform School 

Nauti'lRef. Sch.(2ships) 
State Ind. Sch. (for girls) 
House of Reformation.. 

State Reform School 

House of Refuge 

State Reform School 

State Reform School — 

Catholic Protectory 

House of Refuge 

Juvenile Asylum 

West'n House of Refuge 

House of Refuge 

State Reform School 

hit. Re. & In. Sc. for girls 
House of Ref., white dept 
House of Ref., col'ddept 
West'n House of Refuge 
Providence Reform Sch. 

State Reform School 

State Reform School 


Tota's for 18 States of the United 
States and 29 institutions in the 
same. 


584 


7,407 
Total 
aver- 
age of 

In- 
mates 


25 57 
5o re 


rt — 


p| 

c' 
r ~ 

o 


en 

nc re 

pO 

o 'f* 

jo C 

o 


1 66i/ 2 
per 
capita 
aver- 
age. 



INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTROYED. 181 

111 view of these facts we can but ray that ig- 
norance breeds crime. And, farther, it may be 
said that the classes most widely debauched by 
drink are those the least taught in letters and in 
skilled labor, who are by their drinking habits -re- 
duced to tho deepest wretchedness of poverty, want, 
degradation, and helplessness. What are we to ex- 
pect but that in this condition they will betake 
themselves to lives of vice and crime 1 And thus 
they will become, as figures everywhere prove them, 
the disturbers of the peace, public order, and the 
dangerous classes in every community. When all 
this is true of the parents, what can we expect of 
the children % Must they not be the 95 per cent, of 
our juvenile offenders? Must they not grow up to 
fill our jails and prisons % 

The education of our rum- shops counteracts that 
of the public schools. Massachusetts may be called 
the pioneer State of the free-school system. She 
may support three or four hundred families by 
teaching, ar.d spends perhaps half a million dollars 
for education ; while as many thousand are sup- 
ported by the drink trade, and four or five millions 
are spent for liquors. Boston sends about 35,000 
pupils to its public schools, and more than that 
number into the hands of the police and the officials 
of the almshouses. Official reports prove that one- 
eighth of its population are degraded by the drink- 
ing-houses of Boston, so that they demand public 
charity or correction. 

These results are not confined to Pennsylvania 



182 INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION DESTEOYED. 

and Massachusetts, or to Philadelphia and Boston. 
Every State, city, town, or village in the United 
States is almost in the same condition of which we 
have any statistics. In proportion to the liquor 
drank and intemperance produced, so education is 
neglected and crime and pauperism exist. Friends 
of public education and the human race, are not the 
means to remedy the evils of intemperance well 
worth your careful consideration with a view to im- 
mediate action ? 



• CHAPTER XIII. 

THE USE OF, AND THE TRAFFIC IN, STRONG DRINKS 
IMPEDE THE PROGRESS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH 
AND THE SPREAD OF THE GOSPEL. 

Experience and observation have demonstrated 
beyond a reasonable donbt that at least two-thirds of 
the moral and social evils afflicting society are due to 
the use of alcoholic beverages. They also neutralize 
the efforts for the amelioration of the condition of 
mankind. 

Though the efforts and the means that have been 
used for the religious, moral, and intellectual develop- 
ment of our people have been numerous and impor- 
tant, yet all must admit their disappointment at the 
results attained. After all, they have been as success- 
ful, perhaps, as could reasonably be expected, consid- 
ering the adverse circumstances and influences by 
which they have been surrounded. 

Notwithstanding churches and schools are spread 
all over our land, that thousands are employed to 
preach the Gospel and as teachers in colleges, acade- 
mies, and schools, and hundreds more to visit people 
at their homes to distribute tracts and Bibles, and 
that millions of tracts and thousands of Bibles have 
been spread broadcast over our country, and the Gos- 

1 3 



184 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

pel preached, yet ungodliness, vice, and immorality 
abound, and thousands are living without Christ or 
hope in the life to come. 

The principal, if not the sole, cause of this state of 
things is the use of strong drinks. 

The liquor-traffic throws temptations in the way of 
the old and young, and propagates ungodliness, crime, 
and sin. There is nothing known within the whole 
realm of science that possesses the power to degrade 
and demoralize human beings like alcohol. Its essen- 
tial properties and nature are such as to carry its vic- 
tims beyond and out of the reach of all good in- 
fluences. In this power it stands alone. It benumbs 
the senses of its victims, deprives them of reason, and 
renders them incapable of rational and religious im- 
pressions. Alcoholic drinks and religion and piety are 
incompatibles ; their relation to each other is as fire 
to water or an acid to alkali. To talk to men and 
women about the sublime truths of Christianity who 
are under the influence of strong drink is little better 
than to " cast pearls to swine." The use of strong 
drinks tends to destroy every personal, social, and 
religious virtue. A learned physician said : ' ' The 
devil first binds with a hair, and then with a chain." 
The man who occasionally drinks intoxicants is bound 
with a hair which soon becomes a chain that cannot be 
easily broken, but binds him to the chariot- wheels of 
Satan. Thousands of good men, ay, Christian men, 
have been ensnared by this tempter ; prophets, 
priests, kings, and world-renowned conquerors, have 
fallen by the potent power of strong drink. 



THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 185 

How many clergymen of every denomination have 
been stripped of their divine office and Christian 
characters by this monster, and have gone down 
to the drunkard's grave ! None are safe who tamper 
with it. As the poet has said : 

" We are not worse at once j 
The course of evil begins so slowly, 
And from such slight source, an infant's hand 
Might stop the breach with clay. 
But let the stream grow wider, and philosophy, 
Ay, and religion too, may strive in vain 
To stem the headlong current." 

Strong drink has always prevented the progress of 
truth and religion in proportion to the extent of its 
use. It has continually robbed the Christian Church 
of its converts, and shorn it of much of its power for 
the pulling down of the strongholds of sin and Satan, 
and the establishing of Christ's kingdom. Almost 
every one can call to mind one or more who for a 
time ran well the Christian's race, but were finally 
overcome by strong drink. Can we wonder that 
strong drink should impede the progress of the 
Gospel when even ministers, to escape from its terrible 
power, have to seek refuge in an inebriate asylum ? 

A large number of our criminals and paupers, as 
well as those who are fast becoming such, have been 
Sabbath-school scholars, and sometimes teachers. 

To what are these results chargeable, if not to alco- 
holic drinks % They are undoubtedly the chief cause. 
The testimony of those in positions to know is very 
clear on this point. 



186 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

The chaplain of the Leeds (England) jail said 
"that of 232 prisoners 180 had been Sabbath- school 
scholars and 28 had been teachers." Another 
chaplain, in April, 1869, said: "I have in my book 
the biography of 650 persons, their antecedents, and 
what led them to sin ; and I might mention, for the 
information of those connected with the Sabbath- 
school movement, that nineteen out of every twenty 
Protestants in prison have at some period of their 
lives been Sabbath-school scholars. Some of them 
had been teachers in the Sabbath-school fifteen and 
twenty years ; yet that did not save them from a 
prison-cell. JSTow, what was the cause of their fall 
and finding their way to these cells \ Drink, almost 
without an exception." 

Are we any better off in this respect than they 
are in England ? No. Go visit our jails. Ask the 
inmates if they ever attended Sabbath-school? The 
vast majority will answer, Yes. Ask them, What 
brought you here ? The answer will be, Drink ! I 
was drunk when I committed the deed for which they 
sent me here. 

Go interrogate the inmates of our penitentiar- 
ies and almshouses. The answers will be, Drink ! 
drink! When we compare the extent, the power, 
and influence of strong drinks, and the tempta- 
tions and allurements of the traffic in them, 
with the instrumentalities of the Christian Church, 
we cannot really be surprised at the comparative 
result, nor that the Church has failed to produce 



THE PROGRESS OE CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 



187 



effects commensurate with efforts made — the import- 
ance and inducements of the Christian religion. 

.TABLE XXIY. 

Religious Statistics of the United States, from the Census Returns of 

1870.* 



Denominations. 


ED 






u 

ZJ 

P. 

o 
u 

(^ 

.a 
o 




o 
la 

N 


CD 


to 


O 




a 
ea 

O 


6 
S 
■a 


I 












Dollars. 


All Denominations, 


72,459 


63,082 21,665,062 


354,483,581 


1. Baptises (Regular), 


14, 174 


12,857 


3,997,116 


39,229,221 


2. Baptists, 


1,355 


1,105 


363,019 


2,378,977 


3. Christian, 


3,578 


2,822 


865,602 


6,425,137 


4. Congregational, 


2,887 


2,715 


1,117,212 


25,069,698 


5. Episcopal (Protestant), 


2,835 


2,601 


991,051 


36,514,549 


6. Evangelical Association, 


815 


641 


193,796 


2,301,650 


7. Friends, 


692 


662 


224,664 


3,939,560 


8. Jewish, .... 


189 


152 


73,265 


5,155,234 


9. Lutheran, 


3,032 


2,776 


977,332 


14,917,747 


10. Methodists, 


25,278 


21,337 


6,528,209 


69,854,121 


11. Miscellaneous, . 


27 


77 


6,935 


135,650 


12. Moravian (Unitas Fratrum), . 


72 


67 


25,700 


709,100 


18. Mormon, 


189 


171 


87,838 


656,750 


14. New Jerusalem Swedenborgian, 


90 


61 


18,755 


869,700 


15. Presbyterian (regular), 


0,262 


5,683 


2,19S,900 


47,828,732 


10. Presbyterian (other), . 


1,562 


1,388 


499,344 


5,436,524 


17. Reformed Dutch in America (late 










Dutch Reformed), 


471 


46S 


227,228 


10,359,255 


18. Reformed Church in United States 










(late German Reformed), . 


1,256 


1,145 


431,700 


5,775.215 


19. Roman Catholic, 


4,127 


3,806 


1,990.514 
34,555 


60,985:566 


20. Second Advent, 


235 


140 


306,240 


21. Shaker, .... 


18 


18 


8,850 


86,900 


22. Spiritualists, 


95 


22 


6,970 


100,150 


23. Unitarian, 


331 


310 


155,471 


6,282,675 


24. United Brethren in Christ, . 


1,445 


937 


265,025 


1,819,810 


25. Universalist, 


719 


602 


210.S84 


5,692,325 


26. Unknown (local), 


26 


27 


11,925 


687,800 


27. Unknown (union), 


409 


552 


153,202 


905,295 



: Census Report (Ccmpecd.) for 1S70, p. 51-1. 



188 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

TABLE XXV. 

Religious Statistics of the United States, 1872*. 







£.- 






rt 




o 

5 

u 


^•2 ■ 

o Jh 

rO O 

a.- 

a. d 


XD 

o 
o 

o 

m 


TO 

o 

m u 

a 03 


go a: 

5^» 






jB. as 


tk 


>vO 


POO 




M 


o bo 


03 


03p 


•c+^e- 




a 


&fe 


■3 


1 § 


S«| 




3 


^ M 


p 


a 


0-! A 




& 


O 


ai 


02 


o 












Dolars. 


All Denominations, . 


83,637 


11,459,534 


26,856 


3,754,292 


47,636,495 


Roman Catholics, 


3,907 


3,758,000 




300,000 


, 


Methodists Episcopal, 


21,234 


1,367,134 


16,912 


1,410,806 


8,796,000 


Methodists Episcopal, South, 


7,586 


571,241 




. 


2,258,150 


United Brethren in Christ, . 


1,709 


120,445 


2,519 


135,954 


641,849 


Other Methodists, 


10,968 


773,125 






. . . 


Pree-Will Baptists, . 


1,145 


66,909 








Regular Baptists, 


12,013 


1,489,191 


5,287 


498,75610 


Disciples, 


1,797 


487,223 








Mennonites, Tunkers, Winebrena- 












rians, 


950 


88, COO 






. . 


Seventh Day, Six Principle, Anti- 












mission, and other Baptists, 


700 


70,000 






. 


Presbyterian Church, United 












General Assembly, 


4,795 


455,378 




479,817 


9,097,706 


Presbyterian Church, South, 


1,096 


87,529 


. 


50,355 


1,034,390 


Reformed Presbyterian, 3 sects, 


197 


19,000 






. 


United Presbyterians, 
Cumberland Presbyterians, 


560 


71,804 


' 601 


'52,616 


800,001 


1,314 


96,335 


518 


29,968 




Reformed (German), 


526 


101,894 


1,019 


51,210 


594,250 


Reformed (Dutch), 


566 


63,483 




51,169 


1,227,657 


Congregationalists, 


3,194 


312,054 




368,937 


6,650,814 


Protestant Episcopal, 


2,898 


224,995 


. 


253,584 


5,544,575 


Lutherans, 


2,157 


495,325 




. 




United Brethren (Moravians), 


86 


15,064 




6,120 


131,000 


Unitarians, 


396 


30,000 






100,000 


Christian Connection, 


3,000 


300,000 




. 




Universalists, . 


630 


84,000 






200,000 


Friends (Orthodox), . 




57,405 . . 


ec.ooo 


. . . 


Hicksite and Progressive Friends, 




40,000! . . 


. 


. . 


New Jerusalem Church of Swe- 












denborgians, 


63 


5,000 


. 




03,000 


Jews, .... 




50,000 






. 


Mormons, 




50,000 




. 


. 


Spiritualists, 




100,000 




. 


. . . 


Minor sects not included else- 












where, 


150 


9,000 . . 




... 


Deistical, Atheistical, Radical, 










and Liberal Clubs, . 




V 


• 


. . . 



* Extracted from a volume of F^cts, htatist -c-. Ua^ed, etc., presented to purcha- 
sers of " Watson's New Map of the United States, 1 ' page 87. Published by Uaylurd 
Wats-on, New York. 



THE PROGKESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 189 

By Tables XXIY. and XXV. —Religious Statistics 
of the United States, from the Census returns of 
1870 and other sources, of the different denomina- 
tions in 1872 — it will be seen that there were in 
the United States 72,450 religious organizations, a 
church membership of 11,452,534, with 63,082 
churches, and 83,637 ministers. We also find that 
there were in 1872, 3,754,292 Sabbath- school scholars 
and teachers, and that the whole contributions for 
church and benevolent purposes, in 1872, amounted 
to 847,636,495. Though we have not been able to 
obtain the contribution of some of the minor de- 
nominations and the Roman Catholics, yet we may 
safely estimate the total contribution for these pur- 
poses in 1872 did not exceed the sum of §50,000,000, 
or less than one-thirteenth of the money spent for 
liquors ; and while there were 63,082 churches, 
there were not less than 241,716 licensed and un- 
licensed retail drinking-places, and 7,276 licensed 
wholesale liquor establishments, or a total of 
248,992 places where intoxicating drinks were sold, 
or nearly four liquor-shops for every church. 

Daniel DeFoe wrote, two hundred years ago : 

" Where God erects a house of prayer, 
The devil builds a chapel there. 
It Trill ho found upon close observation, 
That the latter bas the larger congregation." 

This is as true to-day as when written, for if 
each of the licensed and unlicensed retail drink- 
in£-shops have only one-half of the average daily 



190 THE PEOGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

visits of the liquor-shops of New York, or receive 
67 visits a day, the retail drinking-places of the 
United States will receive daily 16,194,972 visits, 
and 5,911,164,780 visits annually. 

Again, while only 83,637 ministers are laboring 
to spread the Gospel of Jesus, to make men and 
women better and happier during the present life 
and fit them for that which is to come, a half- 
million persons are engaged in dealing out strong 
drink to destroy them body and soul. Is it. not 
a terrible reflection that not less than 6,000,000 of 
our population visit these schools of debauchery — 
the drinking-shops — or more than there are adult 
church members. Of these 6,000,000 worshipers at 
the shrines of Bacchus, 600,000 of them are drunk- 
ards, of whom 60,000 will annually fill the drunk- 
ard's grave, and, unless we deny the Bible, we must 
believe they cannot enter the Kingdom of God. 
But the terrible sufferings and awful deaths of 
these 60,000 human beings leave not less the num- 
ber of poor miserable suffering drunkards. For as 
fast as the grave closes over the sad remains of 
one poor victim of intemperance, another recruit is 
drafted into the ranks of this army of confirmed 
drunkards, who are marching on, if by fours, in one 
column extending 174 miles. Think of this awful 
procession of human beings, four deep, and 174 miles 
long ! Christian men and women, fellow- citizens, 
behold this mournful procession ; listen to their 
tramp, tramp, tramping, as they march to the final 
destruction of body and eternal death of their 



THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 191 

souls ! See, as tliey tramp along, every ten minutes 
one of them falls before your eyes and sinks into the 
drunkard? s grave! And thus they will continue to 
drink, to drink, and one will die every ten minutes 
from the beginning of January to the last minutes 
of the last day of December of every year, and the 
number will still increase as the facilities for drink- 
ing, the drink -shops, increase. 

Can we wonder that good men despond \ Is it 
strange and surprising that the church should 
make such slow progress in the reformation and 
regeneration of mankind \ Xot at all. The only 
wonder is, that so much good has been accomplish- 
ed, and that the church has made the advances it 
has in the face of these 248,992 temples of Bacchus, 
with their 505,000 priests, who are continually em- 
ployed in dealing out death, ruin, sin, and demo- 
ralization. But the God of Daniel still lives, and, 
if we do our duty, he will deliver us from the jaws 
of these lions. 

As good Christian men and women, we pray to God 
to revive his work and to pour his Holy Spirit into 
the hearts of men, that the Gospel of peace and good- 
will toward men may be spread over all the earth, 
that his kingdom may come and his will be done 
on earth as in heaven. Let us not be deceived. 
God works by means and not by witchcraft. He 
expects men and women to co-operate with his power 
and be instruments in his hands to save mankind 
from their sins. Strong drink has defied and frus- 
trated the labors of the church of Christ to evangelize 



192 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

the world, by keeping millions of sonls from listening 
to the message of the Gospel's glad tidings of great 
jo j, and deliverance from the thraldom of sin and 
death, and stili be allowed to fill our streets with 
drunkards on the Sabbath. 

The Christian church can hardly be expected to 
accomplish its God-designed mission while the liquor- 
traffic is allowed to exist. 

The cases are very few in which persons have been 
expelled from evangelical churches that strong drink 
was not the direct or indirect cause. 

This has been the condition of affairs since John 
"Wesley, while visiting Newcastle, excluded seventeen 
persons from the society for drunkenness. The 
Rev. Newman Hall informs us that " the churches 
of England lose on an average one member annually 
through liquor- drinking," and that " 30, 000 members 
are slaughtered yearly through this cause." Rev. 
Richard Knill said : " Nearly all the blemishes which 
have been found on the character of ministers for the 
last fifty years have arisen directly or indirectly from 
the use of intoxicating liquors." 

Rev. Dr. Guthrie, of Edinburgh, sail: "X have 
seen no less than ten clergymen, with whom I have 
sat down to the Lord's table, deposed through strong 
drink." 

Rev. Dr. Campbell, of London, said: "There has 
been scarcely a case requiring of me church disci- 
pline, such as expulsion, which has not arisen 
through strong drink." 

Rev. Win. Jay, of Bath, said : "In one month not 



THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 193 

less than seventeen dissenting ministers came under 
my notice who were suspended through intoxicating 
drinks." 

In the report, made February 25, 1869, by the Com- 
mittee on Intemperance for the Lower House of Con- 
vocation of the Province of Canterbury, we find the 
following testimony of the clergy on the effects of in- 
temperance on the work of the church : 472. * " Truly 
drink is the curse of the working classes of London." 
474. " Habits of occasional intemperance keep men 
away from church for a time." 475. " The apparent 
result is chiefly neglect of the means of grace and 
ordinances of religion." 476. " Public-house keepers 
rarely or ever come to church." 479. "Those who 
tipple most are most frequently absent from public 
worship." 480. "As a rule they neglect the ordi- 
nances of religion altogether." 481. "Necessarily 
injurious to religion." 482. "There are families 
who never attend divine service ; they plead that 
they have no decent clothes in which to come — the 
truth being that the money which should purchase 
clothes is spent at the beer-shops." 484. "The 
Saturday evening attendance at the public-house 
must, as far as it extends, act injuriously on the 
duties belonging to Sunday." 485. "No drunkard 
attends the ordinances of religion." 486. " The 
effect is to lessen the frequency of the attendance 
at church." 487. "Sabbath-breaking, swearing, and 
drunkenness are the vices that go together. The 

* The figures arc the number of the answers to interrogatories sent to the clergy, 
as given in the report. 



194 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

influence for evil here is very great." 490. "All 
persons who frequent ale-houses are irregular in 
their attendance at a place of worship/' 492. 
"The Gospel fails to meet the case." 49G. "One 
public-house only. Population, 280. Since the 
opening of the public-house, the attendance at 
church has been somewhat less." 500. "There is 
a beer-shop in the next parish, which is a source 
of annoyance. The license is continued contrary 
to the wishes of myself and several respectable 
neighbors. It is very discouraging to the paro- 
chial clergy of small agricultural parishes, where their 
efforts for the spiritual welfare of the people are in a 
great measure frustrated by the baneful effects of beer- 
houses in their immediate neighborhood ; often in the 
most retired and by -places favorable for the resort of 
the basest characters." 501. "Attendance at church 
has been greatly increased with the decrease of intem- 
perance among my parishioners." 

502. " I speak clerically, and say that intemperance 
undoes all we can do for the moral improvement of 
the parish ; and, magisterially, that out of every one 
hundred cases, ninety at least of the cases brought 
before the bench are directly or indirectly to be traced 
to intemperance ; and, perhaps, having been in prac- 
tice for several years as a medical man, and holding 
my diploma, I may speak medically, that the vice 
caused to a great extent by intemperance ruinously 
affects the health of numbers." 

503. "Numbers are kept away from public wor- 
ship from intemperance directly, and still more so 



THE PROGRESS OE CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 195 

perhaps indirectly, the effect of intemperance being 
not only to produce poverty, but also to debase 
and deprave the whole moral nature — in fact to 
brutalize." 504. " Intemperance keeps numbers from 
church." 505. "The consequences on morals and 
religion are clearly marked in both respects." 516. 
"I believe the beer-houses and publics to be the 

devil' s own hot-houses Communion 

has become really extinct among the poor, and vital 
religion as low as well can be." 517. "The utter an- 
nihilation of all moral and religious feeling/ 1 518. 
"People who indulge in drink seem dead to reli- 
gion." 519. " No one can well exaggerate the very 
injurious influences which the public-houses exercise 
over the religious and moral feeings of my popula- 
tion." 520. " It is always hostile to religion and mo- 
rality." 522. "It is very prejudicial to religion, more 
than any other cause, and is the secret source of 
backsliding among Christian converts." 523. "It 
need hardly be said that intemperance is the fruitful 
source of irreligion." 527. "With the increase of 
beer-shops there has been a decreased attendance on 
the ordinances of religion." 529. "I never seethe 
habitually intemperate at church. I have often 
known men change their habits, and then come to 
church." 530. "Keeps the men from going to 
church, and renders them indifferent to religion." 
531. "A considerable amount of Sabbath desecra- 
tion consequent on intemperance." 532. "Destroys 
all regard for religion." 534. "As touching religion 
'he place is demoralized. No one is ashamed of 



196 THE PROGRESS OE CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

drunkenness, and the violent deaths which not unfre- 
quently occur are no warning. Only a few weeks 
since a drunken man was roasted to death upon a 
lime-kiln "bank, and the same day his two brothers 
consoled themselves by a drunken debauch. I have 

told them at church that drink is the God of S , 

and the public-houses their churches." 536. "No 
room in man's heart for two gods — when they wor- 
ship drink, there is a corresponding absence from 
God's worship." 539. "Almost all that is wrong in 
the parish — wrong and irreligious — is traceable to 
drunkenness." 544. "Intemperance disqualifies for 
profitable attendance on religious ordinances." 545. 
"As soon as a drunkard leaves off drink, even tem- 
porarily, he generally begins to attend divine service. 
If he drinks, he keeps away, except at club sermons" 
546. " They become so degraded that they are ashamed 
to be seen poorly clad in places of worship." 547. 
' i A fearful drawback in morals and religion ; it ruins 
my senior scholars awfully." 

This testimony of the clergy of England corrobo- 
rates what has already been said of the demoraliz- 
ing and irreligious tendencies of strong drinks. 
These effects are not confined to England ; the same 
results are produced wherever used, whether on 
tliis or the other side of the Atlantic. As early as 
1831, the Eev. Mr. Barbour, of New England, 
set himself to work to ascertain the losses caused 
to the churches by liquor-drinking. He addressed 
"circulars" to ministers and clerks of churches ill 
all of the New England States, and of New York, 



THE PKOGHESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED, 197 

New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. He receiv- 
ed replies from 459, whose records show 2,590 
cases of discipline where the charge was intempe- 
rance alone. From this and other data obtained, 
he concludes that seven-eiglitlis of all cases of 
church discipline arise directly or indirectly from 
liquor- drinking. Another gentleman gives the fol- 
lowing testimony: "I have travelled in 48 coun- 
ties, and visited 450 churches in Pennsylvania and 
in many other States, embracing nearly all denomi- 
nations. I have made diligent enquiry in regard to 
drinking by ministers and church members, and 
these are my conclusions, viz. : 

"1. That the churches of this country lose, on 
an average, one member a year from liquor-drink- 
ing. 

£; 2. That liquor-drinking causes the ruin of more 
ministers than all other causes combined. That a 
minister rarely falls who is not at least a tippler. 

"3. That since 1853, when the slavery agitation 
broke up our systematic temperance education, 
drinking customs have increased at least one hun- 
dred per cent, in the churches of this country." 

These statements are plainly within the truth, as the 
records of every church in the country will testify. 
Let any church member or minister examine the re- 
cords, or call to mind all the cases of church disci- 
pline of which he has any knowledge, and he will find 
that the major portion arose from the use of strong 
drink. Sufficient testimony has been adduced to leave 
no doubt in the mind of any person of the injury in- 



198 TJIE PE0GEE8S OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

liicted upon the Cliristian Church by strong drinkSo 
This demoralizing traffic must be abolished. The 
Gospel can never fully spread its soul-saving influ- 
ence while we have four of these devil's chapels — 
drink-shops — for every church; and spend one 
dollar for the spread of the Gospel and Christian 
charities, and more than thirteen for intoxicating 
drinks, to spread crime, sin, and debauchery. Strong 
drink shuts out the Holy Spirit. It stifles the con- 
victions, sears the conscience after the person has 
been awakened. 

Strong drink obstructs the progress of the Gospel. 
The intemperance of the Christian professors in 
foreign lands brings reproach upon the holy religion 
of Jesus. Sir Charles E. Trevelyan, K.C.B., in his 
testimony to the Committee on Intemperance of the 
Convocation of the Province of Canterbury, said : 
1,211. " The responsibility of the empire has also to 
be considered. Those only who have lived in heathen 
countries know what a scandal to our nation and to 
Christianity will be removed by a change in our 
military system. The natives of India ask whether 
the Gora log (European soldiers) are the same caste 
as the Saliib log (European gentlemen) ; and seeing 
the exhibition our soldiers too often make of them- 
selves in the grog-shops and houses of ill-fame, in the 
bazaar, they wonder why, if this be the result of a 
Christian education, the missionaries take such pains 
to convert the Hindoos and Mohammedans to Chris- 
tianity. To abstain from intoxicating liquors is a 
cardinal point of both those religions, and it is a 



THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 199 

disgraceful fact that the tendency of our influence has 
been to encourage excess in the use of them. We 
are not speaking now of money, but of money's 
worth ; and surely it is worth something, even for the 
peace and duration of our Indian empire, so to con- 
stitute our military force that it may present the as- 
pect of a Christian army to the population of many 
races, languages, and religions, whose welfare is de- 
pendent upon us." The following is a testimony sent 
to the chairman of the Committee by Sir John 
Bo wring : 

"It has been deemed somewhat singular that 
neither in the Hebrew nor the Christian Code is the 
vice of drunkenness especially censured or forbidden.* 
It maybe sufficient to reply that if the commands of 
the Decalogue or of the all-comprehensive teachings of 
Jesus were obeyed, intemperance in any form would be 
impossible, and as the greater must include the less, 
the highest religious authority is not wanting to dis- 
courage the vice of inebriety. Still the lamentable fact 
remains that drunkenness is far more common among 
nations professedly Christian than among those who 
have any other national faith. In the Levant the use 
of strong drinks is almost wholly confined to the 
Christian and the Hebrew races, for though intoxi- 
cating liquors are used among the Mohammedans, the 
use is secret, as public opinion would not tolerate its 
public employment. So strong are the prohibitory en- 

* Dent. xxi. 20, xxiv. 10 ; Trov. xxiii. 21 ; Isa. v. 22, xxviii. 7 ; Ilab. ii. 15 ; 
Matt. xxiv. 49 ; Luke xii. 45, xxi. 34; Rom. xili. 13; Gal. v. 21 ; 1 Cor. v. 11. v. 10; 
Eph. v. W. 



200 THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 

actments of the Koran that the stricter sects of Mus- 
sulmans — such as the Wahabees — will not allow the 
use of coffee, on account of its exciting qualities. The 
value of water as one of the gifts of Allah is constant- 
ly put forward in 'The Book,' and the moralists of 
Islam all teach that water, which it is permitted to 
sweeten with the unfermented juice of fruits or 
flowers, is all-sufficient to quenching thirst, and ad- 
ministering to unforbidden enjoyment without the 
addition of any inebriating element. Water is the 
universal drink of Buddhists and Brahmins, and 
under these designations we may include nearly half 
of the whole race of man. Stimulants of another 
character are no doubt largely employed among 
Orientals, the hashish of the Arabians, the bang 
among the East Indians, the opium among the 
Chinese, are very largely consumed ; but^ though they 
are dangerous to health, and fetch on misery, they do 
not generate such seeds of violence, nor lead to sacri- 
fice and suffering, at all comparable in amount or ex- 
tent to that produced by drinking in the British 
dominions." 

Archdeacon Jeffreys, a missionary in the East 
Indies, said, more than twenty years ago, "that for 
one really converted Christian, as the fruit of mission- 
ary labor, for one person 'born again of the Holy 
Spirit, and made a new creature in Jesus Christ'— for 
one such person, the drinking practices of the English 
had made one thousand drunkards." 

These facts cannot fail to excite painful emotions 
in the heart of every Christian. Thsy should arouse 



THE PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY IMPEDED. 201 

tlie churches of our country to greater activity, and 
become united to aid in the overthrow of a legal sys- 
tem that produces so much evil in the Church and 
out of it. The paramount question with every Chris- 
tian should be : What is the influence of strong- 
drinks on men's souls ? Do they prepare them to re- 
ceive the Gospel intelligently and reverently, or do 
they disqualify them to feel and understand its claims 
and embrace it I The essential characteristics of alco- 
hol are such as to blunt the sensibilities, neutralize the 
effects of the Gospel, and to disqualify men to accept 
the offers of mercy and salvation. Can Christians, 
and especially Christian ministers, be indifferent to 
the consequences of intoxicating drinks, and the ex- 
tent to which they defeat their labors. 

These evils do not terminate with persons outside of 
the pale of the Church, whom as Christians we must 
endeavor to bring into the Church, but the baleful in- 
fluences of these drinks extend and enter within the 
sacred limits of the Church, and drag laymen and 
ministers from the class-rooms and the pulpits into 
the taverns and beer- saloons, and bring reproach upon 
religion, and thus do more to retard the progress of 
the Gospel than the faithful ministers and the whole 
membership of the Christian Church can do to ad- 
vance it. Surely, in view of these facts, the Christian 
and moral people will gravely consider the subject, 
and unite in the adoption of measures to secure the 
needed reform. 



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